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4. ARMINIUS. Flumen Visurgis Romanos Cheruscosque interfluebat. eius in ripa cum ceteris 'primoribus Arminius adstitit, quaesito que an Caesar venisset, postquam adesse responsum est, ut liceret' cum fratre conloqui oravit. erat 1o is1 5 in exercitu cognomento Flavus, insignis fide et amisso per vulnus oculo paucis ante annis duce Tiberio. tum permissu progressusque salutatur ab Arminio; qui amotis stipatoribus, ut sagittarii nostra pro ripa dispositi abscederent postulat“, et postquam digressi, unde ea deformitas oris interrogat fratrem. to illo locum et proelium referente, quodnam praemium recepisset exquirit. Flavus aucta 13 stipendia, torquem et coronam aliaque militaria dona memorat, inridente* Arminio vilia servitii pretia. Exim diversi ordiuntur, hic magnitudinem Romanam, opes Caesaris et victis* graves poenas, in deditionem venienti para15 tam clementiam; neque conjugem et filium eius hostiliter haberi13; ille fas" patriae, libertatem avitam, penetralis Germaniae deos, matrem' precum sociam; ne propinquorum et acfinium denique gentis suae desertor et proditor quam imperator esse mallet. paulatim inde ad iurgia prolapsi quo 20 minus pugnam consererent ne flumine quidem interiecto 13 echibebantur, ni Stertinius adcurrens plenum irae armaque et equum poscentem Flavum adtinuisset. cernebatur contra minitabundus Arminius proeliumque denuntians 25; nam pleraque Latino sermone interiaciebat, ut qui Romanis in castris ductor 25 popularium meruisset.

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TACITUS. Ann. II. 9.

5. ARCHIMEDES.

Achradinae murum, qui, ut ante dictum est, mari alluitur, sexaginta quinqueremibus Marcellus oppugnabat. Ex ceteris navibus sagittarii funditoresque, vix quemquam sine vulnere consistere in muro patiebantur; hi, quia 5 spatio missilibus opus est, procul muro tenebant naves; iunctae" aliae binae quinqueremes, demptis interioribus remis, ut latus lateri applicaretur, quum exteriore ordine remorum velut una navis agerentur 25, turres contabulatas machinamentaque alia quatiendis muris portabant. Adversus hunc navalem apparatum 10 Archimedes variae magnitudinis tormenta in muris disposuit. In eas, quae procul erant, naves saxa ingenti pondere emittebat"; propiores levioribus eoque magis crebris petebat telis;

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(4.) MEETING OF Arminius anD HIS BROTHER. The brother of Arminius had assumed 28 the Roman name of Flavius, and had gained considerable distinction 12 in the Roman service", in which he had lost an eye from a wound in battle. When the Roman outposts approached the river Weser, Arminius called out to 5 them from the opposite bank, and expressed 28 a wish to see his brother. Flavius stepped forward, and' Arminius ordered his own followers to retire, and requested that the archers should be removed from the Roman bank of the river. This was done and the brothers began a conversation from the to opposite sides of the stream, in which Arminius questioned his brother respecting the loss of his eye, and what battle it had been lost in, and what reward he had received for his wound 10. Flavius" told him how the eye was destroyed, and mentioned 28 the increased pay that he had on account of its 15 loss", and showed the collar and other military decorations that had been given him. Arminius mocked at these as badges of slavery; and then each began to try to win the other over: Flavius boasting 28 the power of Rome, and her generosity to the submissive; Arminius appealing to him in 20 the name of their country's gods, of the mother that had borne them, and by the holy names" of fatherland and freedom, not to prefer being the betrayer to being the champion of his country. They soon proceeded to mutual"1 taunts and menaces, and Flavius called aloud for his horse and his arms, that he 25 might dash across the river and attack his brother; nor would he have been checked from doing so, had not the Roman general, Stertinius, run up to him, and forcibly detained him. Arminius stood on the other bank, threatening the renegade, and defying him to battle.

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CREASY.

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(5.) SIEGE OF SYRACUSE. Marcellus brought up his ships against the sea3-wall of Achradina, and endeavoured by a constant discharge13 of stones and arrows to clear the walls of their defenders, so that his men might apply their ladders, and mount to the assault 12. These ladders rested on two ships, lashed 5 together broadside to broadside, and worked as one by their outside oars. But Archimedes had supplied the ramparts with an artillery so powerful, that it overwhelmed the Romans before they could get within the range" which their missiles could reach 28 and when they came closer, they found 28 that all the 10 lower part of the wall was loopholed; and their men were

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postremo, ut sui vulnere intacti tela in hostem ingererent, murum ab imo ad summum crebris cubitalibus fere cavis aperuit 2, per 15 quae cava pars sagittis, pars scorpionibus modicis ex occulto" petebant hostem. Quia propius quaedam subibant naves, quo interiores ictibus" tormentorum essent, in eas tollenone super murum eminente ferrea manus firmae catenae illigata quum iniecta prorae esset' gravique libramento plumbi recelleret ad 20 solum, suspensa prora navem in puppim statuebat; dein remissa subito velut ex muro cadentem navem cum ingenti trepidatione nautarum ita undae affligebat, ut, etiamsi recta reciderat, aliquantum aquae acciperet. Ita maritima oppugnatio est elusa, omnisque spes eo versa, ut totis viribus terra aggrede25 rentur 33. Sed ea quoque pars eodem omni apparatu tormentorum instructa erat. Ita consilio habito, quoniam omnis conatus ludibrio esset, absistere oppugnatione atque obsidendo 12 tantum arcere terra marique commeatibus hostem placuit.

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LIVY, XXIV. 34.

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6. Romae haud minus terroris ac tumultus erat 28, quam fuerat triennio ante, quum castra Punica obiecta Romanis 12 moenibus portisque fuerant. Neque satis constabat animis, tam audax 1 iter consulis laudarent vituperarentne. Apparebat 28 5 (quo nihil iniquius est) ex eventu famam habiturum. "Castra prope Hannibalem hostem 18 relicta sine duce cum exercitu, cui detractum' foret omne, quod roboris, quod floris fuerit; et consulem in Lucanos ostendisse iter, quum Picenum et Galliam peteret, castra relinquentem 25 nulla alia re tutiora, quam errore 10 hostis, qui ducem inde atque exercitus partem abesse ignoraret Quid futurum, si id palam fiat?" Veteres eius belli clades, duo consules proximo anno interfecti13 terrebant. Et ea omnia accidisse, quum unus imperator, unus exercitus hostium in Italia esset nunc duo bella Punica facta, duos ingentes exercitus, duos prope Hannibales in Italia esse. Quippe et Hasdrubalem, patre eodem2 Hamilcare genitum, aeque impigrum ducem, per tot in Hispania annos Romano exercitatum bello, gemina victoria insignem, duobus exercitibus cum clarissimis ducibus deletis 13. Nam itineris quidem celeritate ex Hispania et con20 citatis 33 ad arma Gallicis gentibus multo magis, quam Hannibalem ipsum, gloriari posse. Omnia maiora etiam vero praesidia hostium, minora sua, metu interprete, semper in deteriora inclinato, ducebant 29. LIVY, XXVII. 44.

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struck down' with fatal aim by an enemy whom they could not see, and who shot his arrows in perfect security. If they still persevered, and attempted to fix their ladders, on a sudden enormous stones or huge masses of lead were dropped upon 15 them, by which their ladders were crushed to pieces, and their ships were almost sunk. At other times machines like cranes were thrust out over the wall; and the end of the lever, with an iron grapple affixed to it, was 29 lowered upon the ships. As soon as the grapple had taken hold, the other end of the lever 20 was lowered by heavy weights, and the ship raised out of the water, till it was made 28 almost to stand upon its stern; then the grapple was suddenly let go, and the ship dropped into the sea with a violence which either upset it, or filled it with water. With equal power was the assault on the land side repelled, 25 till Marcellus in despair12 put a stop to his attacks; and it was resolved merely to blockade the town, and to wait for the effect of famine upon the crowded population" within.

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ARNOLD.

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(6.) BEFORE THE BATTLE OF METAURUS. Meanwhile, at Rome, the news of Nero's expedition 13 had caused the greatest excitement and alarm. All men felt 29 the full audacity13 of the enterprise", but hesitated" what epithet" to apply 28 to it. It was evident that Nero's conduct would be judged of by 5 the event, that most unfair criterion", as the Roman historian truly terms it. People reasoned 28 on the perilous state in which Nero had left the rest 13 of his army, without a general, and deprived of the core 15 of its strength, in the vicinity of the terrible Hannibal. They talked over the former dis- 10 asters of the war, and the fall 13 of both the consuls of the last year. All these calamities 3 had come on them while they had only one Carthaginian general and army to deal 28 with in Italy. Now they had two Punic wars at a time. They had two Carthaginian armies; they had almost two 15 Hannibals in Italy. Hasdrubal was sprung from the same father; trained up in the same hostility to Rome; equally practised in battle against their legions; and, if the comparative speed and success with which he had crossed the Alps was a fair test', he was even a better general than his 20 brother. With fear for their interpreter of every rumour, they exaggerated the strength of their enemy's forces in every quarter, and criticised and distrusted their own.

CREASY.

caesos

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7. BATTLE OF METAURUS. a. Romae neuter animi habitus satis dici enarrarique potest, nec quo incerta exspectatione eventus civitas fuerat, nec quo victoriae famam accepit. Nunquam per omnes dies, ex quo" Claudium consulem profectum 5 fama attulit, ab orto 13 sole ad occidentem, aut senator quisquam a curia atque ab magistratibus" abscessit, aut populus e foro. Matronae, quia nihil in ipsis opis erat, in preces obtestationesque versae”, per omnia delubra vagae suppliciis votisque fatigare deos. Tam sollicitae 12 ac suspensae1 civitati fama incerta 10 primo accidit, duos Narnienses equites in castra, quae in faucibus Umbriae opposita12 erant, venisse ex proelio, nuntiantes" 13 hostes. Et primo magis auribus, quam animis, id acceptum erat, ut" maius laetiusque, quam quod mente capere, aut satis credere possent: et ipsa celeritas fidem impediebat, 15 quod biduo ante pugnatum dicebatur 29. Literae deinde ab L. Manlio Accidino missae ex castris afferuntur de Narniensium equitum adventu. Eae litterae per forum ad tribunal praetoris latae senatum curia exciverunt; tantoque certamine ac tumultu populi ad fores curiae concursum1 est, ut adire nuntius 20 non posset, sed traheretur a percontantibus" vociferantibusque, ut in rostris prius quam in senatu litterae recitarentur. Tandem summoti et coerciti a magistratibus, dispensarique laetitia inter potentes eius animos potuit 28. In senatu primum, deinde in contione litterae recitatae sunt; et pro cuiusque ingenio aliis 25 iam certum gaudium, aliis nulla ante futura fides erat, quam legatos consulumve 50 litteras audissent.

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b. Ipsos deinde appropinquare legatos allatum 12 est. Tum enimvero omnis aetas currere obvii, primus quisque oculis auribusque haurire tantum gaudium cupientes. 30 Mulvium usque pontem continens" agmen pervenit. Legati (erant L. Veturius Philo, P. Licinius Varus, Q. Cæcilius Metellus) circumfusi omnis generis hominum frequentia in forum pervenerunt, quum 25 alii ipsos, alii comites eorum, quae acta essent, percontarentur; et ut quisque audierat 29, 35 citum hostium imperatoremque occisum, legiones Romanas incolumes, salvos consules esse, extemplo aliis porro 28 impertiebant gaudium suum. Quum aegre in curiam perventum esset, multo aegrius summota turba, ne patribus misceretur, litterae in senatu recitatae sunt. Inde traducti in contionem 40 legati. L. Veturius, litteris recitatis, ipse planius omnia, quae acta erant, exposuit cum' ingenti assensu, postremo etiam clamore universae contionis, quum 25 vix gaudium animis cape

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