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11. Tunc contractos in principia iussosque 25 dicta cum silentio accipere temporis ac necessitatis monet11. unam in armis salutem, sed ea consilio temperanda manendumque intra vallum, donec expugnandi hostes spe propius succederent; mox 5 undique erumpendum: illa eruptione ad Rhenum perveniri. quod si fugerent, pluris silvas3, profundas magis paludes, saevitiam hostium superesse; at victoribus decus gloriam. domi cara11, quae in castris honesta, memorat; reticuit de adversis. equos dehinc, orsus a suis, legatorum tribunorumque Io nulla ambitione fortissimo cuique bellatori tradit, ut hi, mox pedes in hostem invaderent. Haud minus inquies Germanus spe cupidine et diversis ducum sententiis agebat29, Arminio" sinerent13 egredi egressos que rursum per umida et impedita circumvenirent suadente, atrociora" Inguiomero et laeta barbaris, 15 ut vallum armis ambirent: promptam expugnationem, plures captivos, incorruptam praedam fore 3. igitur orta die proruunt fossas, iniciunt crates, summa valli prensant, raro 20 et quasi ob metum defixo.

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super milite TAC. Ann. I. 67.

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Fre

12. At imperitae multitudini' nunc indignatio", nunc pudor pectora versare11 et ab intestinis avertere11 malis: nolle11 inultos hostes, nolle successum non patribus, non consulibus; externa et domestica odia certare" in animis. Tandem superant ex5 terna; adeo superbe insolenterque hostis eludebat. quentes in praetorium conveniunt"; poscunt pugnam, postulant, ut signum" detur. Consules velut deliberabundi capita conferunt, diu colloquuntur. Pugnare cupiebant, sed retro revocanda et abdenda cupiditas erat, ut adversando remorandoque 10 incitato semel militi adderent impetum. Redditur responsum,

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immaturam rem11 agi; nondum tempus" pugnae esse; castris se tenerent13. Ita dimissis, quo minus consules velle 28 credunt, crescit ardor pugnandi. Accendunt insuper hostes ferocius multo, ut statuisse non pugnare consules cognitum est: quippe 15 impune se insultaturos; non credi militi arma; rem11 ad ultimum seditionis errupturam, finemque venisse Romano imperio. His freti occursant portis, ingerunt probra; aegre abstinent, quin castra oppugnent. Enimvero non ultra contumeliam pati Romanus posse11; totis castris undique ad consules curritur; 20 non iam sensim, ut ante, per centurionum principes postulant12, sed passim omnes clamoribus agurt29.

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Livy, 11. 45.

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(11.) He then summoned11 a council of his officers to consider the plan of operations, or rather to propose to them the extraordinary 18 plan on which he had himself decided. This was to lay an ambuscade for the Inca, and take him prisoner in the face1 of his whole army! It was a project full of 5 peril*, bordering", as it might well seem, on desperation. But the circumstances" of the Spaniards were desperate. Whichever way they turned, they were menaced by the most appalling dangers; and better was it bravely to confront the danger, than weakly to shrink from it, when there was no IO avenue11 for escape.

To fly was now too late. Whither could they fly? At the first signal of retreat, the whole army of the Inca would be upon them. Their movements would be anticipated by a foe far better acquainted with the intricacies of the sierra than 15 themselves; the passes would be occupied, and they would be hemmed in on all sides; while the mere fact of this retrograde movement12 would diminish the confidence, and with it the effective11 strength of his own men, while it doubled that 16 of his enemy. PRESCOTT'S Peru.

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(12.) As soon as this was known, the disappointed1 adventurers 18 exclaimed11 and threatened; the emissaries1 of Cortes, mingling with them, inflamed their rage; the ferment1 became general; the whole camp was almost in open mutiny; all demanding 25 with eagerness to see their commander. Cortes 5 was not slow in appearing; when, with one voice, officers and soldiers expressed their astonishment and disappointment at the orders which they had received. It was unworthy, they cried13, of the Castilian courage 13 to be daunted at the first aspect of danger, and infamous to fly before any enemy appeared*. 10 For their parts, they were determined not to relinquish an enterprise', that had hitherto been successful, and which tended so visibly to advance 28 the glory and interest of their country. Happy 20 under his command13, they would follow him with alacrity through every danger, in quest12 of those settlements 15 and treasures which he had so long held out to their view 22; but, if he chose rather to return to Cuba, and tamely give up all his hopes of distinction and opulence to an envious rival18, they would instantly choose another general to conduct them in that path of glory, which he had not spirit to enter13.

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ROBERTSON,'

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13. (a) TYRE. Urbem a continenti quattuor stadiorum fretum dividit: Africo" maxime obiectum crebros ex alto fluctus in litus evolvit. Nec accipiendo operi, quo Macedones continenti insulam iungere parabant, quicquam magis quam ille 5 ventus obstabat. Quippe vix leni et tranquillo mari moles agi possunt: Africus vero prima quaeque congesta, pulsu illiso mari, subruit, nec ulla tam firma moles est, quam non exedant undae, et per nexus operum manantes et, ubi acrior flatus extitit, summi operis fastigio superfusae 25. Praeter hanc diffi10 cultatem.haud minor alia erat: muros turresque urbis praealtum mare ambiebat: non tormenta nisi e navibus procul excussa mitti, non scalae moenibus applicari poterant: praeceps in salum murus pedestre interceperat' iter; naves nec habebat 29 rex et, si admovisset 16, pendentes et instabiles missilibus arceri 15 poterant. urbem tamen obsidere statuit; sed ante iacienda moles erat quae continenti urbem committeret.

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(b) Iamque paulum moles aqua eminebat, et simul aggeris latitudo crescebat, urbique admovebatur: quum 4 Tyrii, magnitudine molis, cuius incrementum eos antea fefellerat, 20 conspecta", levibus navigiis nondum commissum opus circumire coeperunt, missilibus quoque eos, qui pro opere stabant in

cessere.

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Inter haec Tyrii navem magnitudine eximia, saxis arenaque a puppi oneratam, ita ut multum prora emineret, bitumine ac 25 sulphure illitam remis concitaverunt, et quum magnum vim venti vela quoque concepissent, celeriter ad molem successit : tum prora eius accensa, remiges desiluere in scaphas, quae ad hoc ipsum" praeparatae sequebantur. Navis autem, igne concepto, latius fundere incendium coepit, quod, priusquam posset 30 occurri, turres et cetera opera in capite molis posita comprehendit. At qui desiluerant in parva navigia, faces et quicquid alendo igni aptum erat in eadem opera ingerunt. Iamque31 non modo Macedonum turres, sed etiam summa tabulata conceperant ignem: quum hi, qui in turribus erant, partim haurirentur 35 incendio, partim, armis omissis 25, in mare semet ipsi immitterent. Nec incendio solum opera consumpta, sed forte eodem die vehementior ventus totum ex profundo mare illisit in molem, crebrisque fluctibus compages operis verberatae se laxavere, saxaque interfluens unda medium opus rupit. Prorutis igitur 40 lapidum cumulis, quibus iniecta terra sustinebatur, praeceps in profundum ruit, tantae que molis vix ulla vestigia invenit Arabia rediens 25 Alexander CURTIUS, IV. 3.

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(13.) a. Tyre was situated on an islet nearly half a mile from the mainland; the channel between the two being shallow towards the land, but reaching a depth of eighteen feet in the part adjoining the city. The islet was completely surrounded by prodigious walls, the loftiest portion13 of which, 5 on the side fronting the mainland, reached a height not less than 150 feet, with corresponding solidity" and base. Besides these external fortifications, there was a brave18 and numerous population" within, aided by a good stock of arms, machines, ships, provisions, and other things essential to defence.

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It was not without reason, therefore, that the Tyrians, when driven to their last resource, entertained 28 hopes of holding out even against the formidable arm 11 of Alexander; and against Alexander as he then stood, they might have held out successfully; for he had as yet no fleet, and they could 15 defy 28 any attack made simply from land.

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b. Alexander began the siege of Tyre without 48 any fleet; the Sidonian and Aradian ships not having yet come. It was his first task11 to construct a solid mole two hundred feet broad, reaching across the half mile1 of channel between3 the main- 20 land and the islet. But the work, though prosecuted with ardour and perseverance36, was tedious and toilsome, even near the mainland, where the Tyrians could do little to impede it; and became far more tedious as it advanced into the sea, so as to be exposed to their obstruction13, as well as to 3 damage from 25 winds and waves. The Tyrian triremes and small boats perpetually annoyed 29 the workmen, and destroyed parts of the work, in spite of all the protection devised by the Macedonians, who planted two towers in front of their advancing25 mole, and discharged projectiles from engines provided for the 30 purpose". At length, by unremitting efforts the mole was pushed forward until it came nearly across the channel to the city-wall; when suddenly, on a day of strong wind, the Tyrians sent forth a fireship loaded with combustibles, which they drove against the front of the mole and set fire to the two 35 towers. At the same time, the full naval force" of the city, ships and little boats, was sent forth to land men at once on all parts of the mole. So successful' was this attack", that all the Macedonian engines were burnt, the outer wood-work which kept 29 the mole together was torn up in many places, and a 40 large part of the structure11 came to pieces. GROTE.

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14. Quod ubi egressus Scipio in tumulum, quem Mercurii vocant, animadvertit 25, multis partibus nudata defensoribus moenia esse, omnes e castris excitos ire ad oppugnandum1 et ferre scalas iubet. Ipse trium prae se iuvenum validorum 5 scutis oppositis 25 (ingens enim iam vis omnis generis telorum e muris volabat) ad urbem succedit; hortatur, imperat, quae in rem sunt, quod que plurimum ad accendendos militum animos intererat, testis spectatorque virtutis atque ignaviae cuiusque adest 28. Itaque in vulnera 5 ac tela ruunt; neque illos' muri 10 neque superstantes armati arcere queunt, quin certatim adscendant. 15 Et ab navibus" eodem tempore ea , quae mari alluitur, pars urbis oppugnari coepta est. Inter haec repleverat iam Poenus armatis muros, et vis magna ex ingenti copia congesta telorum suppeditabat; sed neque viri nec tela nec quicquam 15 aliud aeque quam moenia ipsa sese defendebant. Rarae enim scalae altitudini aequari poterant, et quo quaeque altiores, eo infirmiores erant. Itaque quum summus quisque evadere non posset 30, subirent tamen alii, onere ipso frangebantur. Quidam, stantibus scalis, quum altitudo caliginem oculis offudisset 26, ad 20 terram delati sunt. Et quum passim homines scalaeque ruerent, et ipso successu audacia atque alacritas hostium cresceret, signum receptui datum est. Livy, xxvi. 44:

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15. BATTLE OF THRASYMENUS.-Consul, perculsis1 omnibus 48, ipse satis, ut in re" trepida, impavidus turbatos ordines, vertente se quoque ad dissonos clamores, instruit, ut tempus locusque patitur, et quacunque adire audirique potest, adhortatur ac stare 28 5 ac pugnare iubet: nec enim inde votis aut imploratione deum, sed vi ac virtute evadendum esse; per medias acies ferro viam fieri, et, quo timoris minus sit, eo minus ferme periculi esse**. Ceterum prae 19 strepitu ac tumultu nec consilium nec imperium accipi poterat, tantumque aberat, ut sua signa atque 10 ordines et locum noscerent 3 ut vix ad arma capienda aptandaque pugnae competeret animus. Et erat in tanta caligine maior usus aurium quam oculorum1. Ad gemitus vulnerum ictusque corporum aut armorum et mixtos strepentium 25 paventiumque clamores circumferebant ora oculosque. Alii fugi15 entes pugnantium 25 globo illati' haerebant 29; alios redeuntes in pugnam avertebat' fugientium agmen. Deinde, ubi in omnes partes nequicquam impetus capti, apparuitque, nullam nisi in dextera ferroque salutis spem esse, tum sibi quisque dux adhortatorque factus ad rem gerendam, et nova de integro 20 exorta pugna est. Ib. xxii. 5.

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