$ 30. η. In the sequence of subordinate clauses the present and perfect of a main clause are followed by the present and perfect subj., the imperfect or the aoristic pastperfect by the imperfect and pluperfect subj. In these clauses the imperfect of the subjunctive is also aoristic in sense while the perfect is less so than in its indicative (being used mostly of completed perfect actions); though in consecutive clauses, aoristic also. e. g. i. ut veniat dat (dedit) talentum. ii. ut veniret (or quum venisset), dabat (dederat) dedit (aorist) talentum. iii. tam stultus erat ut veniret (consecutive), or ut venerit, of one completed or definite action. Cf. 3, 10; 6, 7; 20, 4, 8, 36, 41; 41, 22. 0. The futurum exactum subjunctive, both in the active and passive, seems to have the same form as the perfect subjunctive, not that of the futurum exactum indicative; e. g. polliceor me venturum, si potuerim; tam segnis est ut futurum sit ut jam redierim ante quam profectus sit'. Cf. Madvig. 379, and see B. But it would be more correct to say that in such cases the perf. subj. is used loosely for the future; or that the so-called perf. subj. in erim is strictly the subj. from the fut. perf. -ero, which however (as the pres. subj.) loses its future meaning generally, except in hypothetical, final and absolute clauses. Cf. 41, 13; 43, 9. Cf. also Cic. Rosc. Am. XLIV. 128 ad Att. VII. 7, 7, and VII. 8, 4; in ad Fam. vi. 12, 3 (confecta futura sit) we have the full form of a future perf. subj. (Cf. Draeger, § 141.) L. The simple future is periphrastic, amaturus sim: for the passive some periphrasis, as non dubium est quin 1 Both the two tenses must be looked upon therefore as identical, sometimes future in meaning, sometimes past; this confusion being due to the fact that the whole mood is used doubly, now to express the idea of the Gk. subj., now that of the optative. futurum sit (or in eo futurus sim) ut amer, will have to be used, if the active cannot be used. The periphrastic forms are found with all tenses of sum, with foret as well as esset; more rarely however with fuero, fore. future of $ 30. K. This last periphrasis fore, futurum esse ut Periphrastic amem, amer, is often found for the future active and Infinitive with fore passive infinitive, especially where the simple future forms would be awkward or do not exist. Forms like debellatum fore, absolutum fore, occur in Cic., Liv., &c.; as also dicto audientes fore, habendum fore. § 81. § 31. a. The infinitive often replaces our present participle, vidi ruere, 'I saw it falling,' (or 'fall'); but vidi Infinitive ruentem, 'I saw it while it was falling.' Cf. 26, 11; 23; 36, 21; 38, 22. So in our 'ceased (began) speaking,' 'went on consuming,' &c. for Eng. part.; B. The infinitive of surprise ('To think that,' &c.) is of surprise. found in Latin, generally with the enclitic ne; e.g. Te ne nescire! At te Romæ non fore! But we find also a direct interrogative with or without ne, and an ellipse of the verb; e.g. Ita ne Brutus? Cf. 45, 2; (45) 7. The accusative of exclamation, with adjectives and participles, is more common, and may sometimes be used instead. Cf. 36, 16; 38, 3; 54, 9. Infinitive. 7. The English (or Greek) epexegetic infinitive must Epexegetic be replaced by the supine or gerund, by ut or relative with subjunctive, or by some substantival periphrasis; 'to say the truth,' ut vera dicam; sometimes it may be made the main verb of the sentence. Cf. § 4 ß, 28 S, 'I shall be glad to come,' laetus veniam. Cf. 28, 3; 30, 2; 47, 12; 49, 12, 18, 26; 50, 15. nitive. The final infinitive is expressed by ut or qui with Final Infisubj. or by the part. in rus. Cf. 8, 11, 13, &c. § 32. Lat. Infin. not used with prepositions as our verbalor Lat. Gerund. Manifold time and sense of verbal in -ing. § 33. Verbals in 'ing,' how translated § 34. Particles, § 32. α. cannot be used with prepositions (as our verbal in 'ing,' or the Greek infinitive); the gerund may be, but with some only. The Latin infinitive though substantival B. When you come to an expression like 'without doing,' you must settle by the context whether it is past, present, or future, consequence, mode, or condition, and translate accordingly, e.g. re infecta, nullo obstante, non coactus abiit; nihil facientem miserum est morari; nisi feceris; vix haec facies, ut non facias et illa; abiit neque fecit. Cf. 33, 17; 36, 16. § 33. Generally the English verbal in -ing may be rendered: i. In the nominative or accusative by the Latin infinitive or quod with indicative; e. g. quod abes aberas, &c. (te abesse) tamdiu, mirum est (or miror). ii. In the other cases by the finite verb with ex (ob, &c.), eo (id) quod; e.g. ex eo quod abes aberas, &c. from your being away.' iii. Or by the gerunds with and without prepositions; e.g. certus eundi; ad eundum paratus. iv. Or by the gerundive and noun, with or without prepositions; e. g. ex (de, &c.) re agenda; sometimes even with pronoun, offerendi mei. Cic. c. Rull. II. 5, 12. V. Or by verbal clauses with quum, ubi, &c.; or participial clauses as above, § 32 ß; or by adverbs; e.g. inscienter, without knowing.' Cf. 6, 20; (14) 10; 15, 10; 29, 5, 30; 49, 9, 12, 33, 41. In all cases the time of the verbal must be expressed; if the action be past or present, then use quod &c. with past or present indic.; if future or final, use ut, ne, quo minus, &c. with subjunct. past or present (cf. § 30 n). Cf. Näg. § 37. § 34. In its use of particles, connecting and others, when omit Latin is more simple and realistic than English; and un necessary particles must be omitted in translation, especially when used for emphasis, where position alone suffices in Latin. Cf. §§ 4, 8, 17; 49, 26, 38; 53, 20; 56, 20. § 34. Particles, connecting, sometimes are rendered by et—et,simul ut-ita; quum—tum. 'not you but I,' ego non tu; 'by this time,' jam; 'from the first,' jam tum; ' at all events,' 'at least,' 'in any case,' certe, omnino; 'quite,' omnino, valde, plane; 'of course,' quidem, vero, sane; profecto. 'good,'' very well,' optime, esto; 'yes,' etiam, maxime, aio, sic, ita, immo (with or . 'no,' non, minime, nego; 'not,' ne, of a purpose, non otherwise; minus (sin quo &c minus). particles. Both English and Latin particles have widely different Ambiguous meanings according to position and the accents of the sentence, which must be carefully marked; e.g. 'still' (i) nihilominus, tamen, (ii) adhuc, (iii) usque; = 'indeed' = (i) sane quam (dolui), (ii) sane, quidem Particles of connexion. 47. (uev) answered by sed (de), &c., (iii) ita ne? (iv) (minime) vero, (v) re vera; 'well' (i) bene, (ii) quid igitur? (iii) at, atqui, (iv) jam, jam vero, resumptive, (v) often left unexpressed. Quidem, vero, tamen, enim sometimes enimvero, -nam, -dum are enclitics. Unconnected sentences are not so frequent in Latin cf. §§ 9a and as in writers like Macaulay; jam, tum, inde, &c., often have to be introduced. But very often they are connected not by particles, but by some word brought emphatically forward which serves as a connecting idea; or by the relative. At other times quod, quod contra, quod si, quanquam, ergo, itaque, quare, proinde, autem, nempe, scilicet, porro, jam vero, quid? quid quod, &c., will be used. In descriptive clauses, like 'It was now getting dark,' the 'now' will disappear or be replaced by tunc, as our descriptive 'here' is by ibi, illic, hence,' by inde. Adhuc, similarly, is used less frequently of the past time, though found in that sense occasionally, as also nunc tunc, &c. Ibi, ibidem are also used for hic in its strict sense to avoid repetition of hic, or to intensify it: cf. hic ibidem. Cic. Rosc. Am. 13. Cf. (1) and (8); (10) 1; (11) 12; (25) 13, 22; and 15, 18; 25, 23, 28; 26, 3, 19, 33; 45, 1—16; 46, 1—6. § 35. English writers use for effect such,' 'so,' 'so great,' oftener than is done in Latin. Translate by the superlative, comparative, or simple positive; often also by adeo, tam, tantus, &c. (not sic or ita), sometimes by the relative; e.g. qua munditia homines! quae est tua bonitas. Yet we often find tantus where the 'so' would be dropped in English, and toties for over and over again.' Cic. c. Rull. 11. 7, 17. Cf. (7) 14; (26) 21; (36) 2; (37) 4, 5, 20; 37, 21; 44, 6; 49, 9; 51, 22. |