Mr. Hanway as the cause of their misfortune, by bringing so valuable a caravan into the city to attract the avarice of the rebels." In this dilemma, he prudently declined following the advice of his attendants, to escape in a disguise from the city, but retired to his apartment, and entered in his journal a prayer, which proves at once the elevated and resigned state of his mind amidst the dangers which threatened him. "If, my God," runs one of the passages," it is Thy will I now render back this vital heat which sprang from Thee; if Thy gracious providence has ordained that my life be now brought to an end by these unthinking men, Thy will be done. Avert, O Lord, the destruction that menaces them, and lay not my blood to their charge!"

On the following morning he was awoke by the noise of musketry, and was informed that the city had been taken. He was, shortly afterwards, visited by the captors, who declared they did not mean to hurt his person; but, on the contrary, as soon as ever their government was established, they would pay for the goods which they then seized; and informed him that the forty bales he had sent out laden on the camels, were already in their possession. His money was now demanded; when, he observes, "as gold can purchase every thing except virtue and health, understanding and beauty, I reserved a purse of a hundred and sixty crowns, thinking it might administer to my safety." After experiencing much insult and cruelty from the rebels, he resolved to leave Astrabad, and proceed to Ghilan, to seek protection of the shah, who was reported to be encamped near that city. He had travelled on his way some distance beyond the ruins of the palace of Farabad, once famous for the residence of the Persian kings, when the carriers, who had engaged to accompany him to Balfrush, the capital of Mesanderan, refused to continue their journey, alleging that he was near the coast, and might go by sea. "Accordingly," says Mr. Pugh, "they conducted him and his attendants to a fisherman's hut, on the sea-coast. The poor man had only an open boat, like a canoe, very leaky, and too small for six persons; besides, it could be navi

gated only with cars or paddles near the shore, where the surf then ran very high; and the sand-banks, forming breakers, made the sea still more dangerous. He, therefore, again implored the carriers to furnish horses according to their engagement; but they treated his request with contempt. He threatened to use force, whereupon two of them, being armed with matchlocks, lighted their matches; two others had bows and arrows, and all of them, being six in number, had sabres. Mr. Hanway collected his company, among whom were four muskets, a blunderbuss, and a pair of pistols; but as he could not depend upon more than two of his servants, after a short parley, he submitted to run the risk of being drowned, rather than engage in a fray."

Embarking, therefore, in the canoe, he arrived safe at Teschidezar, where he was furnished with a horse and mules; and, on reaching Balfrush, was assured, by the Persian merchants, that the shah would make good his loss. "It was this escape," says Mr. Pugh, "which gave Mr. Hanway the idea of the motto he subsequently adopted, Never despair.' The approach of the rebels to Balfrush was a new source of danger to him; and sooner than again fall into their hands, he determined to make his way out of the city alone; from which he escaped just in time, as the Tartars were entering at one gate whilst he was departing through another. After proceeding some distance, he fell in with a party who were conducting the baggage of a Persian chief; but the miserable horse on which he was mounted now sank to the ground, with himself and his faithful Tartar boy, who had refused to be left behind at Balfrush. In this situation, without guide, and understanding but little of the language of the country, he made his way to the coast, passing, in his way, several rivers, over which he was carried gratis, on his plea of poverty, not daring to show the money he had concealed at Astrabad. He, at length, came up with the party of the Persian chief before mentioned, whom he calls "the admirál," and in whose train he found his clerk and servant. In the night, however, the admiral secretly departed, leaving Mr. Hanway without protection or provision; a baseness

which so exasperated him, that, though the night was dark and tempestuous, he immediately followed him; and, overtaking him, seized the bridle of the horse on which the admiral was mounted, and pronounced the word "Shah,' with the utmost emphasis. This had the desired effect; the admiral commanded his vizier to take up Mr. Hanway behind him; and in this way he continued to travel to the shore of the Caspian, the surge of which threw down several of the horses of the party, and endangered the lives of their riders. He, at length, arrived at Langarood, where he was most hospitably received by Captain Elton, after a journey of twenty-three days; during which, he had once been without food for forty hours, and had not enjoyed one hour of security or unbroken sleep.

at

Having rested a few days, and recruited his strength and spirits, he proceeded, through Reshed, to Casbin, where he arrived on the 2nd of March, 1744, and remained until the melting of the snow, by the reflection of which he had been almost blinded during his journey. He, at length, reached the camp of the shah, from whom he obtained a decree, "that the particulars of his loss should be delivered to Behbud Khan, the shah's general, now Astrabad, who was to return such parts of the goods as could be recovered, and make up the deficiency out of the sequestered estates of the rebels." On his way back to Astrabad, Hanway passed a month with Captain Elton, at Langarood, and set out for the former place, on the 1st of May. In his way thither, he encountered many dangers, being frequently deserted by his guides and guards; and, on one occasion, having lost his path at night, in a forest, he, on the refusal of the owner of a lonely house to admit him, broke open the door, and tying a rope round his arms, compelled the man to conduct himself and his companions into their proper track. On his arrival at Astrabad, he presented the shah's order to the governor, who promised that it should be complied with to the letter. He was, however, unable to procure the whole of the money due for his lost merchandize; and, after refusing to accept a number of female captives in part payment, he set out on his return to

Russia, and arrived at Moscow on the 22nd of December. He did not reach this city without having experienced many dangers and delays; among the latter was his detention at Yerkie, where he had to undergo a quarantine of six weeks; at the end of which he was not permitted to depart until he had been stripped naked in the open air, and received on his body the contents of a pail of warm water. Letters reached him at Moscow, informing him of his accession to a large sum of money, in consequence of the death of a relation; an event upon which he observed, "Providence was thus indulgent to me, as if it meant to reward the sincerity of my endeavours." On the 1st of January, 1745, he arrived at Petersburgh, where he engaged in commerce for about five years; at the expiration of which, he returned to England, and, abandoning mercantile pursuits, employed himself in compiling the history of his travels, and in a series of the most liberal and benevolent acts.

In January, 1753, he published his travels, in four quarto volumes, under the title of An Historical Account of the Caspian Trade over the Caspian Sea; with a Journal of Travels from London, through Russia, into Persia, &c.; to which are added the Revolutions of Persia during the present Century, with the particular History of the Great Usurper, Nadir Kouli. The work was most favourably received; but, shortly after its publication, the labour he had bestowed on it made such an inroad upon his health, as to render it necessary for him to seek its renewal on the continent. On his return home, towards the latter end of the last-mentioned year, the question respecting the expediency of naturalizing the Jews was a subject of much discussion; when "Hanway," says Mr. St. John, "on most other occasions just and philanthropic, yielded, in this instance, to the force of narrow and inhuman prejudices, and argued in a pamphlet, now very properly condemned to oblivion, in favour of the absurd laws by which this portion of our fellow-creatures have been in so many countries excluded from the enjoyment of the rights of man." Mr. Pugh, however, says that it was the spirited opposition of Mr. Hanway to

the naturalization of the Jews that laid the foundation of his celebrity, as a public man, and goes so far as to assert that his writings on the subject were probably the principal means of causing the repeal of the act. In 1754, he endeavoured to call the attention of government to the bad state of the streets in London and Westminster, by a letter which he published on the subject to Mr. Spranger, on his excellent Proposals for Paving, Cleansing, and Lighting the Streets of Westminster, &c. In the spring of the following year appeared his Thoughts on Invasion; a publication which, in some measure, tended to quiet the minds of the people as to the probability of that event taking place on the part of the French.

In 1756, he commenced those measures which finally led to the establishment of the Marine Society; "an institution," says Mr. Pugh, not to be equalled for substantial utility and real national advantage by any undertaking in any age or country." The object of the establishment was to fit out landsmen volunteers and boys to serve on board the king's ships; which men and boys consisted, for the most part, of such wanderers, beggars, or prisoners for petty offences, as chose to put themselves under the instructions of the society. "We found," says Mr. Hanway, in his address to the public in favour of the design, "a great number of young fellows in danger of becoming a prey to vice through idleness, who, as soon as the garb of seamen was presented to them gratis, gladly entered into its service; and a number of boys, loitering in filth and rags, and, as the forlorn hope of human nature, ready for any enterprise; and we considered that the preservation of such persons, and rendering them useful, promoted the great end of government and true policy in a double view." The society met with general encouragement; the king's donation was £1,000; and, in 1757, a silver anchor was voted to Mr. Hanway, for proposing, methodizing, and carrying the design into execution; but it was not until 1772, that an act passed to make the governors of the Marine Society a body corporate. In the former year he published his Journey from Portsmouth to Kingston;

in which, says Mr. St. John, “he benevolently, but ridiculously, endeavoured to discourage the habit of teadrinking;" an attempt that called forth a virulent and anonymous reply from Dr. Johnson, in The Literary Magazine. In 1758, and the following year, Mr. Hanway made strenuous exertions to improve the Foundling, and to establish the Magdalen Hospital, for the reception of penitent prostitutes, of which he is considered the founder. The women who had reaped the benefit of this institution, he took great delight in entertaining at his own house, where he gave them his best advice, generally accompanied, says Mr. Pugh, with a small present. The small works which he wrote in support of the above institutions were succeeded by one entitled, Reasons for an Additional Number of Twelve Thousand Seamen to be employed in time of Peace in the Merchants' Service; and another, advocating the cause of the orphan poor, called, Serious Considerations on the Salutary Designs of the Act for a Regular Uniform Register of the Parish Poor.

In 1762, Mr. Hanway published Eight Letters to the Duke of supposed to be the Duke of Newcastle in which he ridicules the practice of giving vails, or visiting-fees, to servants; a custom which, at that time, had arrived at a very extravagant pitch. He was recommended to take up the subject by Sir Thomas Waldo, who, at the same time, communicated to Mr. Hanway an anecdote illustrative of the excess to which the practice was carried. On leaving the house of the duke alluded to, Sir Thomas, after having feed a train of other servants, put a crown into the hands of the cook, who returned it, saying, "Sir, I do not take silver." "Don't you, indeed?" said the baronet, putting it in his pocket; "then I do not give gold." Mr. Hanway also himself relates a somewhat similar circumstance :-he was paying the servants of a friend for a dinner, which their master had invited him to, one by one, as they appeared:-"Sir, your great coat." "A shilling." -"Your hat." "A shilling." -"Stick." "A shilling."—" Umbrella." "A shilling."-" Sir your gloves." Why, friend, you may keep

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the gloves; they are not worth a shilling."

Such was the universal esteem Mr. Hanway had acquired by his benevolent exertions, that, in the last-mentioned year, a deputation of five citizens of London waited on the minister, Lord Bute, requesting that he would confer some appointment on the subject of our memoir, who was accordingly, on the 17th of July, made one of the commissioners for victualling the navy. He shortly afterwards took a large house in Red Lion Square, which he decorated in a style peculiar to himself, with paintings and emblematical devices, in order, as he said, to furnish topics of discourse to his countrymen and countrywomen, who, he used to observe, were by no means au fait in the art of conversation. In 1773, he pleaded the cause of another class of unfortunate human beings, in a publication called The State of the Chimney Sweeper's Apprentices; for whose relief he promoted a subscription, under the direction of a committee. He continued to pursue an uninterrupted course of benevolence until his death, which took place on the 5th of September, 1786; three years previous to which, ill health had compelled him to resign his office at the victualling board. His last moments were marked by singular calmness and Christian resignation; and, anxious to the last for the welfare of his fellowcreatures, he said to the surgeon, on the day of his death, "If you think it will be of service in your practice, or to any one who may come after me, I beg you will have my body opened; I am willing to do as much good as is possible."

No better estimate, perhaps, of the character of Mr. Hanway can be formed, than by comparing it with that of the truly illustrious Howard. Like the latter, inexhausted in striking out resources of beneficence, and indefatigable in carrying them into execution, the former dedicated his long life to public works of mercy. Numerous and successful, however, as are those we have already recorded, they afford but an imperfect idea of his liberality and philanthropy. He was too unostentatious to suffer his private acts of charity to be known; but the necessity for his accepting a retiring pension in his seventy

first year, furnishes an honourable clue to an estimate of the probable extent of them; and his publications in the cause of religion and humanity, to the number of nearly seventy, render any attempt at enlargement upon his public zeal and devotion unnecessary. In addition to the share he had in the formation of the institutions already mentioned, the foundation of Sunday schools is chiefly attributable to his writings.

"In person," says Mr. Pugh, "Mr. Hanway was of the middle size; of a thin, spare habit, but well shaped; his limbs were fashioned with the nicest symmetry. In the latter years of his life he stooped very much, and when he walked, found it conduce to his ease to let his head incline towards one side; but when he first went to Russia, his face was full and comely, and his person altogether such as obtained for him the appellation of the Handsome Englishman." He was never married, having been captivated, whilst at Lisbon, by the charms of a lady, whom, to put a second-hand idea of Mr. Moore's into prose, he thought it far more sweet to live in the remembrance of, than to dwell with others. Mr. Pugh relates many peculiarities in Mr. Hanway's character; he was fond of a joke himself, and of the convivialities of others, to a certain extent; but "if the mirth degenerated into a boisterous laughter, he took his leave, saying afterwards,

My companions were too merry to be happy, or to let me be happy, so I left them."" He adhered to truth with an almost ascetic strictness, and no brilliancy of thought could induce him to vary from the fact. Though frank and open in his dealings with all, he was not easily deceived by others, and seldom placed a confidence that was betrayed. He did not, however, think the world so degenerate as is commonly imagined: "And if I did," he used to say, "I would not let it appear: for nothing can tend so effectually to make a man wicked, or to keep him so, as a marked suspicion." He never took any of his servants from the recommendation of his friends; but commonly advertised for them, appointing their applications to be left at some tavern. One that he was about to hire having expressed some surprise at

his being desired to attend family prayers every evening, Mr. Hanway asked him if he had any objection to say his prayers. "No, sir," replied the man, "I've no objection; but I hope you'll consider it in my wages." At another time, having given a little chimney-sweeper a shilling, and promised to buy him a fine tie-wig to wear on May-day, "Ah, bless your honour!" replied the sweep; “my

master won't let me go out on Mayday." "No! why not?" "He says it's low life." Mr. Hanway possessed some eccentricity of dress as well as of manner, and is said to have been the first who appeared in the streets of the metropolis with an umbrella. About two years after his death, a monument was erected to his memory, by public subscription, in Westminster Abbey.

THOMAS HOLLIS was born in London, on the 14th of April, 1720. After receiving the rudiments of his education at the free school at Newport, in Shropshire, and an academy at St. Albans, he was sent to Amsterdam, where he remained fifteen months, occupied in acquiring a knowledge of the Dutch and French languages, and of geography and arithmetic. In 1735, on the death of his father, by whom a large fortune was left to him, he was placed, by his guardian, under the care of Dr. Ward, professor of rhetoric in Gresham College, where he went through a complete course of classical education. In 1740, he took up his residence in Lincoln's Inn, with some intention of studying for the bar, a profession, however, he did not feel much inclined to follow; and, in 1748, he left England, and occupied a year and a half in visiting Holland, France, Switzerland, and Italy; a tour which he again commenced in 1750, and terminated in June, 1753. On his return, he is supposed to have written the following remarks on foreigners, on the window of an inn, at Falmouth :-"I have seen the specious, vain Frenchman; the trucking scrub Dutchman; the tame, lost Dane; the sturdy, self-righting Swede; the barbarous Russ; the turbulent Pole; the honest, dull German; the pay-fighting Swiss; the subtle, splendid Italian; the salacious Turk; the ever-warring, lounging Maltese; the piratical Moor; the proud, cruel Spaniard; the bigotted, base Portuguese, their countries; and hail again old England, my native land! Reader, (if

Englishman, Scotchman, or Irishman,) rejoice in the freedom,-that is, the felicity of thine own country, and maintain it sacred to posterity." This was signed " Cosmop.;" and, though bearing a date anterior to the time when he arrived in England, was universally ascribed to his pen; a fact which he seems to have unintentionally confirmed, in 1772, by sending, under the same signature, to the London Chronicle, an article equally laconic and characteristic.

During his travels, he kept a regular journal of his proceedings, which are to be found in the memoirs of his life, printed in two volumes, folio, in 1780, and containing some very curious and interesting information, with plates of celebrated pictures and statues, from drawings painted by himself. On his return to England, being unable to get into parliament in the independent manner he wished, he commenced a collection of books and medals, "for the purpose of illustrating and upholding liberty, and preserving the memory of its champions, to render tyranny and its abettors odious, to extend science and art, to keep alive the honour and estimation of their patrons and protectors, and to make the whole as useful as possible; abhorring all monopoly ; and, if such should be the fitness of things, to propagate the same benevolent spirit to posterity."

In 1755, he discovered the second edition of Milton's Iconoclastes, which he republished in the following year; and, about the same time, assisted in editing the prose works of that poet,