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GENERA.

i. CORYMBIFERE

Pappus hairy, abundant

Involucrum imbricated
Scales herbaceous

Flowers floscular

Heads cylindrical

Heads hemispherical or roundish

Florets all hermaphrodite

Florets of the centre hermaphro

dite; of the circumference
male, imperfect

Flowers radiant

Anthers with 2 bristles at the base

Pappus simple

Scales of involucrum leafy
Scales of involucrum simple

Pappus double

Anthers naked at the base

Rays white or purple

oblong or lanceolate
linear, in 2 rows

Rays yellow, about 5

Scales scarious, dry

Flowers diœcious

Flowers hermaphrodite

Scales of the involucrum unequal

Scales of the involucrum equal

Involucrum with external bracteolæ

Involucrum double

Involucrum simple

Scales membranous at the margin

Scales not membranous at the margin

Receptacle flat

Receptacle conical

Pappus wanting, or a membranous margin

Sexes in the same head

Receptacle naked or hairy

Flowers radiant

Scales of involucrum scarious at margin

Scales of involucrum not scarious

Flowers flosculous

Pappus wholly wanting

Pappus membranous, entire

Receptacle paleaceous

Corolla with 2 sacs at the base

Corolla not saccate at the base

1. EUPATORIUM.

2. CHRYSOCOMA.

3. CONYZA.

4. INULA.

5. LIMBARDA.

6. PUBLICARIA.

7. ASTER.

8. ERIGERON.
9. SOLIDAGO.

10. ANTENNARIA.

11. GNAPHALIUM.

12. FILAGO.

13. SENECIO.

14. DORONICUM.

15. TUSSILAGO.

16. CINERARIA.

17. BELLIS.

18. CHRYSANTHEMUM. 19. MATRICARIA.

20. ARTEMISIA.

21. TANACETUM.

22. DIOTIS.

23. MARUTA.

24. ANTHEMIS.

25. ACHILLEA.

Involucrum hemispherical, many-flowered

Pappus none

Pappus a membrane

Involucrum ovate, few-flowered

Sexes in different heads

Pappus aristate

ii, CYNAROCEPHALE

Receptacle excavated like a honey-comb

Receptacle paleaceous

Pappus double

Pappus single

feathery

Scales of the involucrum all spiny

26. XANTHIUM.

27. BIDENS.

28. ONOPORDUM.

29. SAUSSUREA.

30. CNICUS.

Inner scales of the involucrum scarious

hairy

rigid, unequal

soft, equal

between paleaceous and bristly

bristly

Scales of involucrum acute

Scales of involucrum spiny or torn

Paleæ jagged

31. CARLINA.

32. LAPPA.

33. SILYBUM.

34. SERRATULA.

35. CENTAUREA.

[blocks in formation]

Involucrum cylindrical; scales imbricated, oval-oblong. Florets few, all tubular, hermaphrodite. Receptacle naked. Pappus pilose. Dec.

1. E. cannabinum Linn. Hemp-agrimony.

Ε. Β. 6. 428.

Leaves in 3, or 5, deep, lanceolate segments; the middle one longest.

Smith.

In watery boggy places. - Perennial. July, August.

2. CHRYSOCOMA Linn.

Involucrum imbricated, hemispherical, or ovate; scales linear. Florets

all hermaphrodite, tubular.

Pappus hairy, ciliated.

Receptacle

excavated. Dec.

1. Ch. Linosyris Linn. Goldylocks. Herbaceous. Leaves linear, smooth. Involucrum loosely spreading.

Ε. Β. 35. 2505.

On rocky cliffs, on the southern sea-coast.

Perennial. August, September.

3. CONYZA. Linn.

Involucrum roundish, imbricated. Florets all tubular; in the centre 5-toothed, hermaphrodite, in the ray barren, slender, 3-toothed. Re

ceptacle naked. Pappus hairy, ciliated. Dec.

Ε. Β. 17. 1195.

1. C. squarrosa Linn. Plowman's Spikenard. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, downy, crenate. Stem herbaceous, corym

bose. Scales of involucrum leafy, recurved.

In chalky or limestone countries. - Biennial. July, August.

4. INULA Linn.

Involucrum imbricated; outer scales terminated by a leafy appendage. Flowers radiant, with the ray yellow. Receptacle naked. Pappus hairy, simple.

1. I. Helenium Linn. Elecampane.

Ε. Β. 22. 1546.

Leaves ovate, rugged, clasping the stem; downy beneath.

Corvisartia Helenium Mérat.

In moist meadows and pastures. - Perennial. July, August.

5. LIMBARDA Cassini.

Involucrum imbricated; scales without any appendage. Flowers radiant, with the ray yellow.

Receptacle naked. Pappus hairy, simple.

1. L. tricuspis Cassini. Golden Samphire.

Ε. Β. 1. 68.

Leaves linear, fleshy, partly 3-pointed. Involucrum smooth.
Inula crithmoides Linn.

I. crithmifolia Linn.

On the sea-coast in the south. - Perennial. August.

6. PULICARIA Cassini.

Involucrum imbricated. Flowers radiant, with the ray yellow. Receptacle naked. Pappus double; the outer membranous.

1. P. dysenterica Cassini.

Ε. Β. 16. 1115.

Leaves oblong, downy, clasping the stem with their heart-shaped base. Stem woolly, panicled. Scales of involucrum bristleshaped, hairy.

[blocks in formation]

2. P. vulgaris Cassini.

E. B. 17. 1196.

Leaves clasping the stem, wavy. Stem much branched, hairy.

Heads hemispherical; radius scarcely longer than the disk.

Inula pulicaria Linn.

I. uliginosa Sibth.

I. cylindrica Withering.

On damp commons. - Annual. September

7. ASTER Linn.

Involucrum imbricated; scales linear, acute. Flowers radiant; of the ray female, in a single row, oblong, not yellow. Pappus hairy. Receptacle naked.

1. A. Tripolium Linn. Sea Star-wort.

Ε. Β. 2. 87.

Herbaceous, corymbose. Leaves lanceolate, entire, fleshy, smooth, obscurely 3-ribbed. Scales of involucrum obtuse, somewhat membranous.

On the muddy sea-coast. - Perennial. August, September.

8. ERIGERON Linn.

Involucrum oblong, imbricated; scales linear, acute, very numerous. Flowers radiant; of the ray female, very narrow and numerous, in a double row, not yellow. Pappus hairy. Receptacle naked.

1. E. canadense Linn.

Ε. Β. 29. 2019.

Stem hairy, panicled, many-headed. Leaves lanceolate; lower ones

toothed. Smith.

In cultivated, as well as waste ground. Annual. August, September.

2. E. acre Linn.

Stem racemose.

Ε. Β. 17. 1158.

Stalks mostly single-headed. Leaves lanceolate or tongue-shaped, sessile. Radius erect, scarcely taller than the

pappus.

In dry gravelly or chalky pastures. Biennial, July, August; sometimes early in the spring.

3. E. alpinum Linn.

Ε. Β. 7. 464.

Stem mostly single-headed. Involucrum hairy. Radius spreading, twice the length of the pappus.

B. uniflorum.

Ε. Β. 34. 2416.

Stem single-headed. Involucrum woolly. Radius erect, twice the

length of the pappus.

E. uniflorum Linn.

On the mountains of Scotland. - Perennial. July.

9. SOLIDAGO Linn.

Involucrum imbricated. Flowers radiant; of the ray yellow, about 5. Receptacle naked. Pappus hairy. Dec.

1. S. Virgaurea Linn. Golden-rod.

Ε. Β. 5. 301.

Stem slightly zigzag, angular. Clusters downy, panicled, crowded, erect. Leaves partly serrated. Smith.

In groves and mountains.

2. S. cambrica Hudson.

Perennial. July-September.

Stem simple, downy. Leaves wedge-shaped, lanceolate, serrated, slightly hairy. Racemes erect. Rays long. Hort. Kew.

On mountains. - Perennial. July-September.

10. ANTENNARIA Gærtn.

Involucrum imbricated, hemispherical; scales scarious, coloured. Flowers diœcious. Florets all tubular. Males: Anthers with 2 bristles at the base. Stigmata truncate. Pappus filiform or clavate. Females: Florets filiform, with a minute limb. Pappus capillary.

1. A. margaritacea Gærtn.

Ε. Β. 29. 2018. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, loosely cottony on the upper side; densely underneath. Stem branched in the upper part. Panicles corymbose, level-topped.

Gnaphalium margaritaceum Linn.

In moist meadows. - Perennial. August.

2. A. dioica Gærtn.

Ε. Β. 4. 267.

Shoots procumbent. Stem unbranched. Corymb simple, terminal. Gnaphalium dioicum Linn.

S.

In dry mountainous pastures. - Perennial, June, July.

11. GNAPHALIUM Linn.

Involucrum imbricated; scales scarious, unequal, blunt, coloured, connivent at top, and of equal height with the truncate head. Florets filiform, tubular; female in the circumference, hermaphrodite in the disk. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus capillary, deciduous.

1. G. luteo-album Linn.

Ε. Β. 14. 1002.

Leaves half stem-clasping, linear, oblong, wavy, woolly on both sides; lower ones blunt. Heads densely tufted.

In dry sandy ground in the south. - Annual. July, August.

2. G. sylvaticum Linn.

Ε. Β. 13. 913. Stem simple, erect. Spike leafy, somewhat compound. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, cottony on both sides. Smith.

On the Highland mountains of Scotland. - Perennial. August.

3. G. rectum Smith.

Ε. Β. 2. 124.

Stem erect, panicled, many-headed, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate,

naked on the upper side, silky beneath.

In groves, thickets, and pastures. - Perennial. August.

4. G. supinum Linn.

Ε. Β. 17. 1193.

Stem recumbent, quite simple, with a simple cluster of very few Leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat cottony on both sides.

heads.

G. fuscum Scopoli.

G. alpinum Lightfoot.

On the summits of Highland mountains. - Perennial. July

5. G. uliginosum Linn.

Ε. Β. 17. 1194.

Stem much branched, spreading. Leaves linear-lanceolate, cottony

on both sides. Heads in dense terminal tufts.

In sandy watery places. - Annual. August.

12. FILAGO Linn.

Involucrum imbricated; scales equal, acuminate, scarious, discoloured, longer than the few-flowered head. Florets filiform, tubular; female in the circumference, hermaphrodite in the disk. Receptacle conical, toothed, tuberculated, or paleaceous.

1. F. gallica Linn.

Ε. Β. 33. 2369.

Stem erect, branched. Leaves linear, revolute, acute. Heads awl

shaped, axillary, tufted.

Gnaphalium gallicum Hudson.

Logfia subulata Cassini.

In gravelly corn-fields, but very rare. Annual, July, August.

2. F. minima

Ε. Β. 17. 1157.

Stem erect, branched. Leaves lanceolate, acute, flat. Heads conical,

in lateral and terminal tufts.

Gnaphalium minimum Smith.

G. montanum Hudson.

Logfia brevifolia Cassini.

In barren, sandy, and gravelly ground. - Annual. July.

3. F. germanica Linn. Cudweed.

Ε. Β. 14. 946.

Stem erect, proliferous. Leaves lanceolate. Heads globose, manyflowered, lateral as well as terminal. Scales of involucrum bristlepointed.

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