2. ALTHEA Linn.

Calyx surrounded by an involucrum, having from 6 to 9 divisions. Fruit capsular, one-seeded, collected in a 5-lobed head. Dec.

1. A. officinalis Linn. Marsh-mallow.

S.

E. B. 3. 147.

Leaves simple, very soft and downy, slightly five-lobed. Smith. In marshes, especially towards the sea, abundantly. - Perennial. July-September.

3. LAVATERA Linn.

Calyx surrounded by an involucrum, of from 3 to 6 divisions. Fruit capsular, one-seeded, collected in a circle round a common axis, which is dilated in various ways. Dec.

1. L. arborea Linn.

Ε. Β. 26. 1841.

Stem arboreous. Leaves downy, plaited, with seven angles. Stalks axillary, aggregate, single-flowered. Smith.

On maritime rocks, but rare. Biennial. July-October.

Order 13. HYPERICINEÆ Juss.

Sepals 4-5, either more or less cohering, or wholly distinct, persistent, unequal, with glandular dots.

Petals 4-5, hypogynous, with a twisted æstivation and oblique venation, often having black dots.

Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, in three or more parcels; anthers

versatile.

Ovary single, superior; styles several, rarely connate; stigmata simple. Fruit a capsule or berry, of many valves and many cells; the inner edges of the former being curved inwards.

Seeds minute, indefinite, usually tapering; embryo straight, with an inferior radicle and no albumen.

Herbaceous plants, shrubs, or trees, with a resinous juice. Leaves opposite, dotted. Flowers generally yellow. Inflorescence variable.

1. HYPERICUM Linn. ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Capsule membranous. Styles 3-5, sometimes variable in number. Stamens numerous, polyadelphous, occasionally reduced to almost a definite number. Petals 5. Sepals 5, more or less united at the base. Herbaceous plants or shrubs. Leaves opposite, often with pellucid dots, or black dots at the margin. Dec.

1. H. calycinum Linn.

Ε. Β. 29. 2017.

Styles five. Flowers solitary. Stem shrubby, branched, quadrangular. Segments of the calyx obovate, obtuse, permanently spreading. Leaves oblong. Smith.

In bushy places in the west of Ireland and Scotland. - A doubtful native. Shrub. 2. H. quadrangulum Linn. St. Peter's-wort.

Ε. Β. 6. 370.

Styles three. Stem herbaceous, with four sharp angles. Leaves with copious pellucid dots. Segments of the calyx lanceolate.

Smith.

Common in moist meadows and thickets, and about the banks of rivers. Perennial. July, August.

3. H. perforatum Linn.

Ε. Β. 5. 295.

Styles three. Stem two-edged. Leaves obtuse, with copious pellucid dots. Segments of the calyx lanceolate. Smith.

In groves, thickets, and hedges, abundantly. - Perennial. July, August.

4. H. dubium Leers.

Ε. Β. 5. 296. Styles three. Stem obscurely quadrangular. Leaves obtuse, nearly destitute of pellucid dots. Segments of the calyx elliptical.

Smith.

H. delphinense Villars.

H. maculatum Crantz.

In rather mountainous groves and thickets. - Perennial. July, August.

5. H. humifusum Linn.

Ε. Β. 18. 1226.

Styles three. Flowers somewhat cymose. Stem compressed, prostrate. Leaves elliptical, smooth. Segments of the calyx ovate, leafy. Smith.

In_sandy or gravelly, heathy, rather boggy, pastures, frequent. - Perennial. July.

6. H. montanum Linn.

Ε. Β. 6. 371.

Styles three. Calyx with dense, prominent, glandular serratures. Stem erect, round, smooth. Leaves ovate, naked, clasping the stem. Smith.

On wild bushy hills, on a gravelly or chalky soil. - Perennial. July.

7. H. barbatum Jacq.

Ε. Β. 28. 1986.

Styles three. Calyx and petals fringed and dotted. Stem erect, somewhat angular. Leaves ovate, naked, dotted, and glandular, clasping the stem. Smith.

By the side of a hedge, near the wood of Aberdalgy in Strathearn, Perthshire. Perennial. September, October.

8. H. hirsutum Linn.

Ε. Β. 17. 1156.

Styles three. Calyx lanceolate, with glandular serratures. Stem erect, round. Leaves ovate, downy. Smith.

In thickets and hedges, chiefly on a dry chalky soil. - Perennial. June, July. Ε. Β. 18. 1227.

9. H. pulchrum Linn. Styles three. Calyx ovate, with glandular serratures. Stem erect, round. Leaves clasping the stem, heart-shaped, smooth. Smith. In woods and bushy heathy places, on a clay soil, frequent. - Perennial. July. Ε. Β. 2. 109.

10. H. elodes Linn.

Styles three. Calyx obtuse, glandular. Stem procumbent, creeping, round, shaggy, like the roundish obtuse leaves. Panicle of few flowers. Smith.

In spongy bogs. - Perennial. July, August.

2. ANDROSÆMUM Allioni. Capsule berried, almost one-celled. Calyx divided into 5 pieces of unequal size. Petals 5. Styles 3. Stamens many, united at the base. A shrub. Leaves sessile. Flowers terminal, stalked. Dec. 1. A. officinale Allioni. Tutsan. Ε. Β. 18. 1225 Hypericum Androsæmum Linn. In shady lanes and woods. - Shrub. July, August.

Order 14. CARYOPHYLLEÆ Juss.

Sepals 4-5, continuous with the peduncle; either distinct, or cohering in a tube, persistent.

Petals 4-5, hypogynous, unguiculate, inserted upon the pedicel of the ovarium; occasionally wanting.

Stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted upon the pedicel of the ovarium along with the petals; filaments subulate, sometimes monadelphous; anthers innate.

Ovarium stipitate on the apex of a pedicel (called the anthophorus); stigmata 2-5, sessile, filiform, papillose on the inner surface. Capsule 2-5-valved, either 1-celled or 2-5-celled, in the latter case with a loculicidal dehiscence. Placenta central, in the 1-celled capsules distinct, in the 2-5-celled capsules adhering to the edge of the dissepiments.

Seeds indefinite in number, rarely definite; albumen mealy; embryo curved round the albumen, or straight; radicle pointing to the hilum.

Herbaceous plants, occasionally becoming suffrutescent. Stems tumid at the articulations. Leaves always opposite, and often connate at the base.

ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA.

Sepals united in a cylindrical tube (Sileneæ)

Stigmata 2

Calyx with bracteæ at the base

Calyx naked at the base

Stigmata 3

Stigmata 5

Calyx-teeth simple

Calyx-teeth foliaceous

Sepals distinct, or cohering only at the base (Alsinee)

Capsule dehiscing with distinct valves

Valves 2

Valves 3

Valves 6

Valves 4 or 5

Capsule with 4 cells

Capsule with one cell

Capsule dehiscing at the apex with teeth
Petals entire

1. DIANTHUS,

2. SAPONARIA.

3. SILENE.

4. LYCHNIS.

5. AGROSTEMMA.

6. BUFFONIA.

7. CHERLERIA.

8. SPERGULA.

9. ELATINE.

10. SAGINA.

13. HOLOSTEUM

Petals toothed
Petals bifid

Stigmata 5

Stigmata 3

Stamens perigynous

Stamens hypogynous

14. CERASTIUM.

15. LARBREA.
16. STELLARIA.

Tribe 1. Sileneæ Dec.

Sepals united into a cylindrical 4 or 5-toothed tube.

1. DIANTHUS Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with from 2 to 4 opposite imbricated scales

Stamens 10.

Stig

at the base. Petals 5, with long claws. mata 2. Capsule 1-celled. Seeds compressed, convex on one side concave on the other, peltate. Embryo nearly straight. Dec.

* Flowers aggregate.

Ε. Β. 5. 317.

1. D. Armeria Linn. Deptford Pink. Flowers aggregate, tufted. Bracteæ lanceolate, downy, as long as

the calyx. Petals serrated.

In pastures, and about hedges, on a gravelly soil. - Annual. July, August.

2. D. prolifer Linn.

Ε. Β. 14. 956.

Flowers aggregate, capitate. Bracteæ ovate, obtuse, pointless, membranous, overtopping the calyx.

β. Flowers nearly solitary.

D. diminutus W.

In gravelly pastures, rare. Annual. July.

** Flowers solitary, several on the same stem.

3. D. Caryophyllus Linn. Clove Pink, or Carnation. E. B. 3. 214. Flowers solitary. Bracteæ almost rhomboid, very short. Petals notched, beardless.

β. Limb of petals slightly hairy near the throat.

D. arenarius Hudson; not of others.

On ruinous walls of old towns. - Perennial. July.

4. D. deltoides Linn.

Ε. Β. 1. 61.

Flowers solitary. Bracteæ ovate-lanceolate, acute, seldom more than two. Leaves bluntish, somewhat downy. Petals notched, smooth.

β. Leaves very glaucous; bracteæ generally 4; petals white, with a violet purple circle. Smith.

D. glaucus Linn.

In pastures, and the grassy borders of fields, on a gravelly or sandy soil. 3. In th King's Park, Edinburgh, according to Lightfoot. - Perennial. July-October.

*** Stems single-flowered, herbaceous.

5. D. cæsius Smith.

Stems single-flowered. Bracteæ short, roundish. edged. Petals unequally notched, hairy.

D. glaucus Hudson.

On dry limestone rocks, very rare. Perennial. June, July.

Ε. Β. 1. 62.
Leaves rough-

2. SAPONARIA Linn. SOAPWORT.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Petals with claws the length of the calyx. Stamens 10. Stigmas 2. Capsule 1-celled.

Dec.

1. S. officinalis Linn.

Ε. Β. 15. 1060.

Calyx cylindrical. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate. Smith.

Bootia vulgaris Neck.

β. Upper leaves connate sheathing; corolla monopetalous. In meadows, by river sides, and under hedges. β. On sandy hills 7 miles to the north of Liverpool. Perennial. August, September.

3. SILENE Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, unguiculate, generally having scales at the throat, with a bifid limb. Stamens 10. Stigmas 3. Capsules 3-celled at the base, dehiscing at the apex with 6 teeth. Dec.

* Stem racemose, occasionally somewhat forked. 1. S. anglica Linn. E. B. 17. 1178. Hairy and viscid. Petals slightly cloven. Flowers lateral, alternate, erect. Lower capsules spreading or reflexed. Smith.

In cultivated fields, on a gravelly or sandy soil. Annual. June, July. 2. S. quinquevulnera Linn. Ε. Β. 2. 86. Hairy. Petals roundish, entire. Flowers lateral, alternate, erect, as well as the capsules. Calyx somewhat shaggy. Smith. Near Wrotham, Kent. Hudson. - Annual. June, July.

** Stem forked ; branches panicled.

3. S. inflata Smith. Ε. Β. 3. 164. Flowers copiously panicled, drooping. Petals cloven half way down, mostly without scales. Calyx smooth, inflated, reticulated. Stem erect. Leaves ovate, acute. Smith.

Cucubulus Behen Linn.

Lychnis Behen Scop.

B. maritima Dec. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pubescent, or hairy. fields, pastures, and by way sides, common. β. Near Cromer, Norfolk. Perennial. July.

In

4. S. maritima With.

Flowers slightly panicled, or solitary, terminal.

Ε. Β. 14. 957.

Petals cloven, each

with a cloven acute scale. Calyx smooth, inflated, reticulated. Stem recumbent. Leaves lanceolate. Smith.

S. amœna Huds.

S. uniflora Roth.

S. inflata B. Hooker.

S. inflata uniflora Otth.

On the sandy or stony sea-coast, as well as in the beds of alpine torrents. Perennial. August, September.

*** Stem, and branches if any, forked, leafy.

5. S. conica Linn.

Ε. Β. 13. 922.

Pubescent. Leaves linear, soft. Flowers solitary or panicled. Calyx short, conical, with 30 furrows. Petals cloven. Capsule ovate. Dec.