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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY.

Natural Advantages of the Territory of the Roman Empire-Physical Decay of that

Territory and of other parts of the Old World-Causes of the Decay-New

School of Geographers-Reaction of Man upon Nature-Observation of Nature

-Cosmical and Geological Influences-Geographical Influence of Man-Uncer-

tainty of our Meteorological Knowledge-Mechanical Effects produced by Man

on the surface of the Earth-Importance and Possibility of Physical Restoration

-Stability of Nature-Restoration of Disturbed Harmonies-Destructiveness

of Man-Physical Improvement-Human and Brute Action Compared-Forms

and Formations most liable to Physical Degradation-Physical Decay of New

Countries-Corrupt Influence of Private Corporations, Note,
1

CHAPTER II.

TRANSFER, MODIFICATION, AND EXTIRPATION OF VEGETABLE AND OF ANIMAL SPECIES.

Modern Geography embraces Organic Life-Transfer of Vegetable Life-Foreign

Plants grown in the United States-American Plants grown in Europe-Modes

of Introduction of Foreign Plants-Vegetables, how affected by transfer to

Foreign Soils-Extirpation of Vegetables-Origin of Domestic Plants-Organic

Life as a Geological and Geographical Agency-Origin and Transfer of Domestic

Animals-Extirpation of Animals-Numbers of Birds in the United States—

Birds as Sowers and Consumers of Seeds, and as Destroyers of Insects--Dimi-

nution and Extirpation of Birds—Introduction of Birds-Utility of Insects and

Worms-Introduction of Insects-Destruction of Insects-Reptiles-Destruc-

tion of Fish-Introduction and Breeding of Fish-Extirpation of Aquatic Ani-

mals-Minute Organisms,

57

CHAPTER III.

THE WOODS.

The Habitable Earth originally Wooded--The Forest does not furnish Food for Man-

First Removal of the Woods-Effects of Fire on Forest Soil-Effects of the De-

struction of the Forest-Electrical Influence of Trees-Chemical Influence of

the Forest.

Influence of the Forest, considered as Inorganic Matter, on Temperature:

a, Absorbing and Emitting Surface; b, Trees as Conductors of Heat; c, Trees

in Summer and in Winter; d, Dead Products of Trees; e, Trees as a Shelter

to Grounds to the leeward of them; f, Trees as a Protection against Malaria-

The Forest, as Inorganic Matter, tends to mitigate extremes.

Trees as Organisms: Specific Temperature-Total Influence of the Forest

on Temperature.

Influence of Forests on the Humidity of the Air and the Earth: a, as In-

organic Matter; b, as Organic-Wood Mosses and Fungi-Flow of Sap-Ab-

sorption and Exhalation of Moisture by Trees-Balance of Conflicting Influ-

ences-Influence of the Forest on Temperature and Precipitation-Influence of

the Forest on the Humidity of the Soil-Its Influence on the Flow of Springs-

General Consequences of the Destruction of the Woods-Literature and Condi-

tion of the Forest in different Countries-The Influence of the Forest on Inun-

dations-Destructive Action of Torrents-The Po and its Deposits-Mountain

Slides-Protection against the Fall of Rocks and Avalanches by Trees-Princi-

pal Causes of the Destruction of the Forest-American Forest Trees-Special

Causes of the Destruction of European Woods-Royal Forests and Game Laws

-Small Forest Plants, Vitality of Seeds-Utility of the Forest-The Forests of

Europe-Forests of the United States and Canada-The Economy of the Forest

-European and American Trees Compared-Sylviculture-Instability of Amer-

ican Life,

128

CHAPTER IV.

THE WATERS.

Land artificially won from the Waters: a, Exclusion of the Sea by Diking; b,

Draining of Lakes and Marshes; c, Geographical Influence of such Operations

~Lowering of Lakes-Mountain Lakes-Climatic Effects of Draining Lakes

and Marshes.

Geographical and Climatic Effects of Aqueducts, Reservoirs, and Canals——

Surface and Underdraining, and their Climatic and Geographical Effects--

Irrigation and its Climatic and Geographical Effects.

Inundations and Torrents: a, River Embankments; b, Floods of the Ar-

dèche; c, Crushing Force of Torrents; d, Inundations of 1856 in France; e,

Remedies against Inundations--Consequences if the Nile had been confined by

Lateral Dikes.

Improvements in the Val di Chiana-Improvements in the Tuscan Maremme

-Obstruction of River Mouths-Subterranean Waters-Artesian Wells-Arti-

ficial Springs-Economizing Precipitation,

330