I have procured some of the mice mentioned in my former letters,-a young one, and a female with young, both of which I have preserved in brandy. From the colour, shape, size, and manner of nesting, I make no doubt but that the species is nondescript. They are much smaller, and more slender, than the mus domesticus medius of Ray, and have more of the squirrel or dormouse colour. Their belly is white; a straight line along their sides divides the shades of their back and belly. They never enter into houses; are carried into ricks and barns with the sheaves; abound in harvest; and build their nests amidst the straws of the corn above the ground, and sometimes in thistles. They breed as many as eight at a litter, in a little round nest composed of the blades of grass or wheat.

One of these nests I procured this autumn, most artificially platted, and composed of the blades of wheat; perfectly round, and about the size of a cricket-ball; with the aperture so ingeniously closed, that there was no discovering to what part it belonged. It was so compact and well filled, that it would roll across the table without being discomposed, though it contained eight little mice that were naked and blind. As this nest was perfectly full, how could the dam come at her litter respectively, so as to administer a teat to each? Perhaps she opens different places for that purpose, adjusting them again when the business is over; but she could not possibly be contained herself in the ball with her young, which, moreover, would be daily increasing in bulk. This wonderful procreant cradle, an elegant instance of the efforts of instinct, was found in a wheat field suspended in the head of a thistle.

A gentleman, curious in birds, wrote me word that his servant had shot one last January, in that severe weather, which he believed would puzzle me. I called to see it this summer, not knowing what to expect; but, the moment I took it in hand, I pronounced it the male garrulus bohemicus, or German silk-tail, from the five peculiar crimson tags, or points, which it carries at the ends of five of the short remiges. It cannot, I suppose, with any propriety, be called an English bird; and yet I see, by Ray's Philosophical Letters, that great flocks of them, feeding on haws, appeared in this kingdom in the winter of 1685.*

This beautiful bird (the ampelis garrula of Temminck) is a frequent visitor of Britain, and always appears in flocks. The Rev. Perceval Hunter mentions a flock of them having been seen in Kent in 1828. Bewick remarks that great numbers were taken in Northumberland in the years 1789 and 1790. In 1810, large flocks were dispersed through

The mention of haws puts me in mind that there is a total failure of that wild fruit, so conducive to the support of many of the winged nation. For the same severe weather, late in the spring, which cut off all the produce of the more tender and curious trees, destroyed also that of the more hardy and

common.

Some birds, haunting with the missel-thrushes, and feeding on the berries of the yew-tree, which answered to the description of the merula torquata, or ringousel, were lately seen in this neighbourhood. I employed some people to procure me a specimen, but without success.

Query-Might not Canary birds be naturalized to this climate, provided their eggs were put, in the spring, into the nests of some of their congeners, as gold-finches, green-finches, &c.? Before winter, perhaps, they might be hardened, and able to shift for themselves.*

About ten years ago, I used to spend some weeks yearly at Sunbury, which is one of those pleasant villages lying on the Thames, near Hampton Court. In the autumn I could not help being much amused with those myriads of the swallow kind which assemble in those parts. But what struck me most was, that, from the time they began to congregate, forsaking the chimneys and houses, they roosted every night in the osierbeds of the aits of that river. Now this resorting towards that element, at that season of the year, seems to give some countenance to the northern opinion (strange as it is) of their retiring under water. A Swedish naturalist is so much persuaded of that fact, that he talks, in his Calendar of Flora, as familiarly of the swallow's going under water in the beginning of September, as he would of his poultry going to roost a little before sunset.+

various districts of Britain. Mr Selby mentions some having been observed in 1822; and one was shot at Edinburgh, in December 1830; another was shot at Coventry; and, during the years 1829, 1830, and 1831, there have been recorded no fewer than twenty specimens, killed in the counties of Suffolk and Norfolk. -ED.

* Various experiments have been tried to naturalize Canary birds in Britain, but they have all proved abortive. - En.

Our author seems strongly inclined to the doctrine of the submersion of the swallow tribe during winter; but the temperature of places situated at great depths below the surface of the land and water, is sufficient objection to the circumstance of birds remaining in a torpid state, during the winter, in solitary caverns, or at the bottom of deep lakes, as many authors have affirmed.

It is an established fact, that all places situated eighty feet below the surface of the earth are coustantly of the same temperature. In these

An observing gentleman in London writes me word, that he saw a house-marten, on the 23d of last October, flying in and out of its nest in the Borough; and I myself, on the 29th of last October, (as I was travelling through Oxford,) saw four or five swallows hovering round and settling on the roof of the County Hospital.

Now, is it likely that these poor little birds (which, perhaps, had not been hatched but a few weeks) should, at that late season of the year, and from so midland a county, attempt a voyage to Goree or Senegal, almost as far as the equator ?*

I acquiesce entirely in your opinion, that, though most of the swallow kind may migrate, yet some do stay behind and hide with us during the winter.

As to the short-winged soft-billed birds, which come trooping in such numbers in the spring, I am at a loss even what to suspect about them. I watched them narrowly this year, and saw them abound till about Michaelmas, when they appeared no longer. Subsist they cannot openly among us, and yet elude the eyes of the inquisitive; and as to their hiding, no man pretends to have found any of them in a torpid state in the winter. But with regard to their migration, what difficulties attend that supposition! that such feeble bad fliers (who the summer long never flit but from hedge to hedge) should be able to traverse vast seas and continents, in order to enjoy milder seasons amidst the regions of Africa!

LETTER XIII.

TO THOMAS PENNANT, ESQ.

SELBORNE, January 22, 1768.

As, in one of your former letters, you expressed the more satisfaction from my correspondence on account of my living in the most southerly county; so now I may return the compliment, and expect to have my curiosity gratified by your living much more to the north.

For many years past I have observed that, towards Christmas, vast flocks of chaffinches have appeared in the fields—many more, I used to think, than could be hatched in any one

situations, therefore, the sun can have no influence; and what else would call forth the dormant organs of these birds into action? It is but reasonable to conclude that cold, which kept them benumbed by its sleepy torpor, would evidently perpetuate their slumbers. — En. * See Adanson's Voyage to Senegal.

neighbourhood. But, when I came to observe them much more narrowly, I was amazed to find that they seemed to me to be almost all hens. I communicated my suspicions to some intelligent neighbours, who, after taking pains about the matter, declared that they also thought them all mostly females; at least fifty to one. This extraordinary occurrence brought to my mind the remark of Linnæus, that, "before winter, all their hen chaffinches migrate through Holland into Italy." Now, I want to know, from some curious person in the north, whether there are any large flocks of these finches with them. in the winter, and of which sex they mostly consist? For, from such intelligence, one might be able to judge whether our female flocks migrate from the other end of the island, or whether they come over to us from the Continent.*

We have, in the winter, vast flocks of the common linnets, more, I think, than can be bred in any one district. These, Í observe, when the spring advances, assemble on some tree in the sunshine, and join all in a gentle sort of chirping, as if they were about to break up their winter quarters, and betake themselves to their proper summer homes. It is well known, at least, that the swallows and the fieldfares do congregate with a gentle twittering before they make their respective departures.†

You may depend on it, that the bunting, emberiza miliaria, does not leave this country in the winter. In January, 1767, I saw several dozens of them, in the midst of a severe frost, among the bushes on the downs near Andover; in our woodland enclosed districts it is a rare bird. ‡ ̧

Mr Selby says, that "in Northumberland and Scotland, this separating takes place about the month of November; and from that period till the return of spring, few females are to be seen, and these few in distinct societies." To this, however, there are exceptions, as we have met them of both sexes during the depths of winter. We can say confidently, that during several years' residence in the county of Fife, the females in our shrubbery and garden were as plentiful as the males; and that the sexes were not separated into distinct societies. -ED.

† Linnets in a state of captivity do not acquire the fine colours with which they are adorned during the summer months while at freedom; the fine red tinge of the nuptial season never appearing.

"At once brilliant and soft," says Bechstein," the song of the linnet consists of many irregular notes, tastefully put together, in a clear and sonorous tone, which continues the whole year, except in the moulting season."-ED.

The common buntings congregate during winter, but do not migrate. We, however, receive accessions of them at the fall, from more