CONTENTS

OP

THE SECOND VOLUME.

CHAPTER XII.

ANIMISM (continued).

FARE

Doctrine of Soul's Existence after Death j its main divisions, Trans-

migration and Future Life—Transmigration of Souls: re-birth

in Human and Animal Bodies, transference to Plants and Objects

—Resurrection of Body scarcely held in savage religion—Future

Life: a general though not universal doctrine of low races—

continued existence, rather than Immortality; second death of

Soul—Ghost of Dead remains on earth, especially if corpse un-

buried; its attachment to bodily remains—Feasts of the Dead . 1

CHAPTER XIII.

ANIMISM {continued).

Journey of the Soul to the Land of the Dead—Visits by the Living

to the Regions of Departed Souls—Connexion of such legends

with myths of Sunset: the Land of the Dead thus imagined as

in the West—Realization of current religious ideas, whether of

savage or civilized theology, in narratives of visits to the Regions

of Souls—Localization of the Future. Life—Distant earthly

region: Earthly Paradise, Isles of the Blest—Subterranean

Hades or Sheol— Sun, Moon, Stars—Heaven—Historical course of

belief as to such localization—Nature of Future Life—Continu-

ance-theory, apparently original, belongs especially to the lower

races — Transitional theories — Retribution-theory, apparently

derived, belongs especially to the higher races—Doctrine of Moral

Retribution as developed in the higher culture—Survey of doc

trine of Future State, from savage to civilized stages—its prac-

tical effect on the sentiments and conduct of Mankind . . 44
CHAPTER XIV.

ANIMISM (continue!).

Animism, expanding from the Djctrine of Souls to the wider

Doctrine of Spirits, becomes a complete Philosophy of Natural

Religion—Definition of Spirits similar to and apparently

modelled on that of Souls—Transition-stage: classes of Souls

passing into good and evil Demons—Manes-Worship—Doctrine

of Embodiment of Spirits in human, animal, vegetable, and

inert bodies—Demoniacal Possession and Obsession as causes of

Disease and Oracle-inspiration—Fetishism—Disease-spirits em-

bodied—Ghost attached to remains of Corpse— Fetish produced

by a Spirit embodied in, attached to, or operating through, an

object —Analogues of Fetish-doctrine in Modern Science—Stock-

and-Stone-Worship— Idolatry—Survival of Animistic Phraseo-

logy in modern Language—Decline of animistic theory of

Nature 108

CHAPTER XV.

ANIMISM (continued).

Spirits regarded as personal causes of Phenomena of the World- Per-

vading Spirits as good and evil Demons affecting man—Spirits

manifest in Dreams and Visions: Nightmares j Incubi and

Succubi ; Vampires; Visionary Demons—Demons of darkness

repelled by fire—Demons otherwise manifest: seen by animals;

detected by footprints—Spirits conceived and treated as material

—Guardian and Familiar Spirits—Nature-Spirits; historical

course of the doctrine—Spirits of Volcanos, Whirlpools, Rocks—

Water-Worship: Spirits of Wells, Streams, Lakes, Etc. —Tree-

Worship: Spirits embodied in or inhabiting Trees; Spirits of

Groves and Forests—Animal-Worship: Animals worshipped,

directly, or as incarnations or representatives of Deities; Totem-

Worship; Serpent-Worship—Species-Deities; their relation to

Archetypal Ideas . . . . • 181

CHAPTER XVI.

ANIMISM (continued).

Higher Deities of Polytheism—human characteristics applied to

Deity—Lords of Spiritual Hierarchy—Polytheism: its course of

development in lower and higher Culture—Principles of its inves-

tigation ; classification of Deities according to central concep-

tions of their significance and function—Heaven-god—Rain-god

—Thunder-god—Wind-god—Earth god1—Water-god — Sea-god—

Fire-god—Sun-god—Moon-god 247
CHAPTER XVII.

ANIMISM (.continued).

Polytheism comprises a class of great Deities, ruling the course of

Nature and the life of Man—Childbirth-god—Agriculture-god—

War-god—God of the Dead—First Man as Divine Ancestor-

Dualism; its rudimentary and unethical nature among low

races; its development through the course of culture—Good and

Evil Deity—Doctrine of Divine Supremacy, distinct from, while

tending towards, the doctrine of Monotheism—Idea of Supreme

Deity evolved in various forms among the lower races; its place

as completion of the Polytheistic system and outcome of the

animistic philosophy; its continuance and development among

higher nations—General survey of Animism as a Philosophy of

Religion—Recapitulation of the theory advanced as to its deve-

lopment through successive stages of culture ; its primary phases

best represented among the lower races, while survivals of these

among the higher races mark the transition from savage through

barbaric to civilized faiths—Transition of Animism in the

History of Religion ; its earlier and later stages as a Philosophy

of the Universe; its later stages as the principle of a Moral

Institution 301

CHAPTER XVIII.

RITES AND CEREMONIES.

Religious Rites: their purpose practical or symbolic—Prayer: its

continuity from low to high levels of Culture; its lower phases

Unethical; its higher phases Ethical—Sacrifice: its original Gift-

theory passes into the Homage-theory and the Abnegation-theory

—Manner of reception of Sacrifice by Deity—Material Transfer to

elements, fetish-animals, priests; consumption of substance by

deity or idol ; offering of blood; transmission by fire; incense—

Essential Transfer: consumption of essence, savour, etc.—

Spiritual Transfer: consumption or transmission of soul of offer-

ing—Motive of sacrificer—Transition from Gift-theory to Homage-

theory: insignificant and formal offerings; sacrificial banquets—

Abnegation-theory ; sacrifice of children, etc.—Sacrifice of Sub-

stitutes ; part given for whole; inferior life for superior; effigies

—Modern survival of Sacrifice in folklore and religion—Fasting,

as a means of producing ecstatic vision ; its course from lower

to higherUulture—Drugs used to produce ecstacy—swoons and

fits induced for religious purposes—Orientation: its relation to

Sun-myth and Sun-worship; Tales of East and West as to burial

of dead, position of worship, and structure of temple—Lustration

by Water and Fire: its transition from material to symbolic puri-

fication ; its connexion with special events of life j its appear-

ance among the lower races—Lustration of new-bom children;

of women ; of those polluted by bloodshed or the dead—Lustra-

tion continued at higher levels of Culture—Conclusion . . 362

CHAPTER XIX.

CONCLUSION.

Practical results of the Study of Primitive Culture—Its bearing least

upon Positive Science, greatest upon Intellectual, Moral, Social,

and Political Philosophy—Language—Mythology—Ethics and

Law—Religion—Action of the Science of Culture, as a means of

furthering progress and removing hindrance, effective in the

course of Civilization , . , ■ I , . . .443