frankness of his own conduct, has decided me in his favour. The snow, with the numbness which succeeded, was productive of the most serious consequences to him. The man with the dog are engaged in tracing his footsteps. John the Baptist, as well as Elijah, were stern reprovers of vice in high places. Pompey, as well as Cæsar, was a great General. Atmospheric influence, as well as the cause you assign, account for the effect. His son and successor were called Rufus. His father and grandfather were both Consuls. Elizabeth's minister and chief adviser were Walsingham. That eminent soldier and statesman, Wellington, was well rewarded by the country he served. His birth, and not his talents, were instrumental in first bringing him into notice. His position, not his abilities, procures him respect. The fierce attack of the enemy, and not fears for the result, were seen to operate in rallying the troops. Every man and woman were put to the sword. Every day and night brings their own duties and troubles. The legislative body of Ireland were thus brought under the executive government of England. The cavalry was cut off. The people rails at its governors. The Senate were apprehensive of the worst results. The old dynasty was now removed, and a set of new rulers were placed in its stead. The deputation are said to have addressed him very energetically; but he still persisted in refusing its demands. The man, or his employer, are in fault. Neither the one nor the other is in fault. The father or his son were reputed the causes of the disorders which prevailed. The long-suffering of God, or the blessings He showered on them, was not sufficient to produce gratitude in them. God's favour, or the terrors of the law, were not sufficient to restrain them. Neither his own sins, nor the punishment denounced against them, was sufficient to stop him in his career. He or I are appointed to preach. They or I are appointed to do the work. He or I is in fault. They or their successor is liable to the penalty. He or I am desired to go. He used such means as was most likely to accomplish his ends. The alms were distributed according to the necessities of each. It are riches which ruin men more than poverty. It is the vices of men which engender misery. Myself am anxious

to do it. I myself is anxious on that head. The train of our thoughts frequently mislead us. The height of the clouds are very various. The summit of mountains attract the clouds.

RULE II.

What principle is laid down in this rule? How may the rule be subdivided so as to make two rules? What sort of word, as the object of the verb, precedes it? Does the same remark apply to prepositions? Shew this by an example: "The man I saw yesterday;" "The horse I rode to-day;" "The school I was educated in ;" "The play I am fond of." Give the words which are the objects of the verbs and prepositions in the preceding sentences. May the infinitive mood be the object as well as the subject of a verb? State the reason why. Give examples of a whole clause serving as the object of a verb. How may this be accounted for? Prove your answer correct by examples. Give the law which universally obtains in changing a transitive into a passive verb in a sentence. Account for such expressions as, "We were pointed out the road." Under what circumstances do intransitive verbs govern an object? Give examples; shew that really the verb does not govern the noun in such cases. Give examples of the same verb being used as transitive and intransitive. What is meant by the objective, and what by the modal government of verbs? Give examples. Why do transitive verbs admit of both governments, and intransitive of one only? What part of speech may be substituted for the words expressing the modal government? Give examples. Give examples of the preposition being understood before the governed word. Give some adjectives which appear to govern an objective case. How is this? Why do such words as underwent govern an object?

EXERCISES.

[The student will correct such of the following exercises as require correction by Rules I. and II. and the Observations under them.]

Neither wealth nor poverty are capable of influencing the habits of he who the love of God and the desire to please Him keep from the evil which is in the world. Who do you speak to ? Who did he see when he called? A poor and contented man experience happiness which the wealth of Croesus cannot bestow. Whom did he address? Idleness with ignorance produces the most ruinous consequences to those who are enslaved by them. Nothing but unsatisfying pleasures content those who the charms of a retired life are strangers to. A judicious disposition of forces do more for a general than the number of his troops, who the enemy not unfrequently rout, when, trusting to their numbers, they give themselves up to indolence and inactivity. The qualms of conscience mar the quiet of him who principle does not direct in his intercourse with men. The accounts were audited and approved by men appointed for the purpose. His conduct was not that of a man who conviction influences. Not one of the men who kings and nobles honour with their smiles are necessarily happy. Many are the afflictions of the righteous; but the Lord deliver he out of them all. The individual who we spoke to has since arrived. He was rescued from the fate which awaited him, by the noble sacrificing spirit of him who interposed in his behalf. His version of the matter was opposed and inconsistent with what might naturally have been expected. (See Observation 14.) He was agreeable, and respected by his friends. Many men are censured and upbraided with crimes of which they are guiltless. His opinion was conformable to, and regulated by the principle of good sense. Neither Julius Cæsar nor Alexander the Great were actuated by that philanthropy. which prompts and proceeds as well from benevolence.

What is the

RULE III.

grammatical principle of apposition ? Derive the term. What renders this rule as a rule of little practical utility? When does the question of case assume importance? Give examples of a noun in apposition with a whole clause. What is the use of apposition? What

sort of clause would obviate the necessity of this principle? Prove your answer by examples. What is to be remarked relative to the presence or absence of a connecting link between the nouns in apposition? If a noun be singular, and several nouns be placed in apposition therewith, what number should the verb be in?

EXERCISES.

The glory of Athens, the cause which had kept her enemies in check, and at the same time the envy of the nations, were now no more. The love of liberty, a principle bedded deep in human nature, and the prompter to many a noble act, animated them against their oppressors. Time, the destroyer of all things and the leveller of human distinctions, have wrought a wonderful change in their opinions. Philip, the son of Augustus, and the founder of the Macedonian empire, was blind of an eye. Tempests, the terror of the mariner, is never known in these seas.

RULE IV.

Shew the propriety of the word government as applied to signify the influence one word exercises on another. When one noun governs another, what case is that other in? What condition is essential to such government? What difference exists between the usage of the classical languages and that of the English regarding the government of the possessive? What sort of phrase may the possessive case be rendered by ? Give examples. What is to be remarked as to the position of this phrase contrasted with that of the possessive? Account, on the principle laid down as relating to the government of the possessive case in English, for such expressions as, "The belief as to the Emperor's being pacifically disposed was pretty general." Substitute a better order and construction, if necessary, of the following words: "The man's opinion that was referred to;" "The people's lament, whereof no notice was taken;" "The forces were drawn out on a rising ground of the general;" "The command was conveyed to

him of his master." Account, on the principles of the possessive case and its government, for such expressions as, book-binder, cow-keeper, basket-maker. State the dif ference between the following expressions: "William's and Robert's property; William and Robert's property." Under what circumstanees is the governing noun understood? On what principle is such an expression as "The King of Belgium's army" accounted for? Account for, "Socrates, of all the philosophers of his day, was the most undaunted at the approach of death." What is the difference between, "This is a portrait of my brother," "This is a portrait of my brother's," and "This is my brother's portrait."

EXERCISES.

The use of the possessive case is so simple, that the difficulty is to violate the principle in relation thereto, not to observe it. No exercises thereon are given in consequence.

RULE V.

When is a word called absolute? When is the noun in English absolute? What are the uses of the case absolute? What ideas are generally represented by the noun absolute? What sort of expression may be substituted for the clause in which the case absolute occurs? Give examples. When does the case which is absolute in English become a question of importance? When does it not? And why? What appears to be the usage regarding the case to be used as absolute? From what consideration is the case determinable? Account for the following expressions: "To be serious, I know nothing of the matter;" Notwithstanding the favours showered on them, they were still ungrateful;" "During the storm, the lightning played incessantly;" "He spoke regarding me;' "He spoke concerning me."

EXERCISES.

[The following sentences containing the case absolute,