which is the nominative to were. Accordingly, these words should grammatically be the subjects of was understood; and the sentence should thus run,-"The bride was to be married, attended by six young ladies," &c. &c., which evidently does not convey the proper meaning.

13. See pluperfect tense in the Etymology of the Verb. The subject of this verb is the relative that, whose antecedent is equipage; so, here, and in such passages, is without its consequent as, which would introduce a phrase the idea expressed by which is suggested by the circumstance of the case, without the necessity of the expression of the words. The full expression would run thus,-" Who bore so good a character, as it is well known he deserved," or some such words.

14. "They were immensely fond each (was fond) of the other." (See Observation 22, Rule I. of Syntax).

"The stranger's conversation, which was at once pleasing and instructive, induced me to wish for a continuance of it: but it was now high time to retire and take refreshment against the fatigues of the following day. The next morning we all set forward together, my family on horseback, while Mr. Burchell, our new companion, walked along the footpath by the roadside, observing, with a smile, that, as we were ill mounted, he would be too generous to attempt leaving us behind. As the floods were not yet subsided, we were obliged to hire a guide, who trotted on before, Mr. Burchell and I bringing up the rear. We lightened the fatigues of the road with philosophic disputes, which he seemed perfectly to understand."—Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield."

OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOREGOING.

1. But. This particle is very improperly introduced here; as, in such cases, it is followed by an insuperable obstacle to the effecting of that purpose which precedes it. To render it defensible, Goldsmith must be understood to represent the worthy Vicar as anxious to sit up all night with his guest!

2. Refreshment. This word is so generally understood,

when used as in the text, to signify food, which it is not intended to signify here, that one has to read the passage more than once before he can understand it and the context together. "To retire, and, by sleep, refresh (or fortify) ourselves against the fatigues," &c. &c. would answer every necessary purpose.

3. Were subsided.-Very bad grammar; should be, had subsided. The verb to be should never be compounded with the past participle of an intransitive verb. In expressions such as "I am gone," which appears to contradict this observation, gone must be regarded as a mere adjective. See Note under Observation 7, page 146.

4. Philosophic disputes.-This is, to say the least, an expression of doubtful meaning; "Disputes on philosophical subjects," would obviate the doubt.

5. Which he seemed perfectly to understand.-The object of understand, in the passage as written, is which, that is, disputes; and the obvious meaning of, "To understand a dispute," is to comprehend the bearing of a question discussed between two disputants. This is altogether different from what is intended here. "Disputes on philosophical subjects, which he seemed perfectly to understand," would be correct; as the which would regard subjects as its antecedent, to which there could be no objection.

QUESTIONS ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE FOREGOING.

1. Parsę stranger's and conversation, and say why is there a comma after the latter; also write the sentence so as to obviate the necessity of any stop after it. 2. State the usage of the expression at once, and say in what, if any, respect it differs from the particle both. 3. Render of it by the possessive complement. Shew the philosophy of the use of high in the expression high time. Anything worthy of remark in the usage of against? 4. Anything to be remarked on the expression, of the following day? Parse morning, and compare the adjective next. 5. Anything worthy of remark in the idea conveyed by together? We all? 6. Parse family-classify it as regards the formation of its plural. Parse companion. 7. What account may be given of along and by, in the passage," Along the footpath

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by the roadside ?" 8. What position does observing ? What does with express in, With a smile? What is the object of observing? 9. What account may be given of too, in such expressions as too generous, followed by the infinitive mood? What may be said of the position of leaving, in the expression, leaving us behind? 10. Parse Mr. Burchell and I, and shew that the case of Burchell is not determinable without the assistance of I. 11. What is 'meant by, "The fatigues of the road?" What case is fatigues in-and why? What was the original meaning of the word philosopher? 12. Derive disputes. What case is it in-and why? What is the peculiarity of construction of the verb seemed?

ANSWERS TO THE FOREGOING QUESTIONS.

1. A comma is necessarily placed after conversation, because, being the subject of the verb induced, it is separated from it by an intervening clause: "The stranger's conversation induced me to wish for a continuance of it, as it was pleasing and instructive," would not require such punctuation. 2. At once, is sometimes used as the correlative of and in the sense of both, from which it slightly differs in meaning; the latter particle merely connecting two things which are not necessarily united ;-at once, things which are so united that their connection may be discerned by one and the same glance. 3. High, as used with time, may be accounted for by supposing the time of day to be regulated by the altitude of the sun in the heavens. When in the Zenith, it would be at its greatest height-when time would be high; and, as we say opportunities must be seized whilst time lasts, and, as time of day appears shorter by the sun verging from the Zenith towards the horizon, the expression, high time, would signify such a point of time as, if not seized, must be lost for ever. Against means opposite to in position, and opposed to as an antagonist; the one results from the other, in gladiatorial combats, the fighters ranging themselves, one opposite to the other. In this expression, fatigues and refreshment may be regarded as the combatants; one striving to assist, the other to harass, the parties men

tioned. 4. The signification of the possessive, or its equivalent prepositional phrase, is by no means uniform; of this there is an example in the expression, "The fatigues of the day," which means those resulting from the day's labour, that is, such fatigues as follow from the occupation engaged in during the day, and not caused by, or belonging to, the day itself separately considered. 5. Together, here, does not merely express the act of setting out at the same time, but also the intention of travelling in company for a considerable portion of the journey. We all, is otherwise rendered by all of us. 6. Family may be regarded as the case absolute, my family being there are strong objections to its being considered as the subject of set forward; for, when a subject, as we, is resolved into its component parts, each of such parts is represented as performing the act which the verb of such subject expresses. According to this, the sentence should run thus: "My family (set forward) on horseback, Mr. Burchell (set forward) on foot;" besides it is an insuperable objection to such construction, that the parts mentioned do not comprise all the individuals represented by the general subject we. On the syntax of companion, consult Rule 3 of Syntax. 7. In such expressions as, along the footpath, it is evident that the footpath to a considerable distance is meant, as along could not be used with footpath to express a foot or a yard of it; even in speaking of a necessarily short distance, as of a slack rope, along expresses nearly the whole length thereof, for we are obliged to limit the length travelled by a subsidiary clause when we represent it as short; thus-"He walked along the rope the distance of a yard, and then fell;" whereas, "He walked along the rope," would be understood to refer to the entire length of the rope. From this it appears that along is composed of the two words, at and long; and that the expression in question, when analyzed, is equivalent to, "He walked at (i. e., on) the long foot-path," that is, the length of the footpath which extended over that part of our journey which we travelled in his company. By the roadside, is part of a relative clause, the remaining part thereof being understood in this and similar expressions; thus-" Along the footpath (which was

does to, in line 26, connect? Any other connection possible? What is its peculiar signification agreeable to each connection? 99. Parse assert and justify. What peculiarity of formation in the past tense belongs to the latter, and such verbs? 100. What does such peculiarity result from? Mention the different classes of words which have a similar peculiarity in forming their several parts.

ANSWERS TO THE FOREGOING QUESTIONS.

NOTE. Of the unanswered questions in the foregoing analysis the student may conclude that they can be answered by him, on reference to that part of this Treatise which discusses the subject, etymological or syntactical, to which they severally refer.

1. With an invocation to the Muse, after the model of Virgil and Homer, and an enunciation of the subject matter of the poem itself, which are contained in the first twenty-six verses. 2. An epic, or heroic poem. 3. Sing, heavenly muse, of the first disobedience of man, and (sing of) the fruit of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste brought death into the world, and all our woe, with loss of Eden, till one greater Man restore us, and regain the blissful seat; (heavenly muse), that, on the secret top of Oreb or of Sinai, didst inspire that shepherd, who first taught the chosen seed how the heavens and earth rose, in the beginning, out of chaos. 4. From verto to turn. The word is used to denote a line in poetry, which must have a certain number of syllables in it, according to the meter written and when such number is completed, the composer turns back to begin another verse. 5. Thou. 6. Sing; a prepositional phrase. 7. About, relating to. 8. Not if of is equivalent to the words in Answer 7; the phrase, however, may be considered the possessive complement of some noun understood after the verb sing, regarded as active transitive, such as account, description: or, better, of may be regarded as a particle uniting with the word sing, both forming a compound verb, which, as transitive, governs disobedience, &c. &c., in the objective case. 11. Here it signifies the first act of disobedience committed by man;

in;