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absorbed absorption acid activity alpha rays aluminium ampere angle apparatus approximately atomic weight beam brass cadmium iodide calculated carbon cathode rays cent centimetre charge circuit coefficient collisions constant contact potential corpuscles corpuscular radiation curve deflexion deposit determined diffusion discharge electric electrometer electrons electroscope emanation emission emitted energy equation equilibrium experimental experiments film foil formula frequency galvanometer gases given gives glass heating effect hydrogen increase ionization ionization-chamber ions iridium J. J. Thomson layers magnetic maximum measured mercury metal method mgrms molecules negative nitrogen nuclei observed obtained oxide oxygen paper particles Phil phosphorus Phys Planck unit plate platinum positive pressure Proc produced proportional quantity radium ratio scattering shown solution spectrum sublimate substance surface Table temperature theory thickness thorium tube uranium V₁ vapour velocity vibrations volts wave-length waves wire X-rays zero