58. Believe it or not, reader, as you will: understand only how thoroughly it was once believed; and that all beautiful things were made, and all brave deeds done, in the strength of it-until what we may call "this present time," in which it is gravely asked whether Religion has any effect on morals,' by persons who have essentially no idea whatever of the meaning of either Religion or Morality.

Concerning which dispute, this much perhaps you may have the patience finally to read, as the Flèche of Amiens fades in the distance, and your carriage rushes towards. the Isle of France, which now exhibits the most admired. patterns of European Art, intelligence, and behaviour.

59. All human creatures, in all ages and places of the world, who have had warm affections, common sense and self-command, have been, and are, Naturally Moral. Human nature in its fulness is necessarily Moral,-without Love, it is inhuman,-without sense,* inhuman,-without discipline, inhuman.

In the exact proportion in which men are bred capable of these things, and are educated to love, to think, and to endure, they become noble,-live happily-die calmly: are remembered with perpetual honour by their race, and for the perpetual good of it. All wise men know and have known these things, since the form of man was separated from the dust. The knowledge and enforcement of them have nothing to do with religion: a good and wise man differs from a bad and idiotic one, simply as a good dog from a cur, and as any manner of dog from a wolf or a weasel. And if you are to believe in, or preach without half believing in, a spiritual world or law-only in the hope that whatever you do, or anybody else does, that is foolish

* I don't mean æsthesis, but vous, if you must talk in Greek slang.2

1 [The reference is to a "Symposium" in the first volume of the Nineteenth Century on the question of "The Influence of the Decline of Religion on Morality."] [For Ruskin's use and distinction of these terms, see Vol. XX. p. 207 Vol. XXII. p. 130; and Vol. XXV. p. 123.]

APPENDIX I

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS REFERRED TO IN THE "BIBLE OF AMIENS"

350. First Church at Amiens, over St. Firmin's grave

358. Franks defeated by Julian near Strasburg

405. St. Jerome's Bible

420. St. Jerome dies.

451. Battle of Chalons. Attila defeated by Aëtius

457. Merovée dies. Childeric king at Amiens (457– 481)

486. Syagrius dies at the court of Alaric

489. Battle of Verona. Theodoric defeats Odoacer. 493. Clovis marries Clotilde

496. Battle of Tolbiac. Clovis defeats the Alemanni

34,

39

508. Battle of Poitiers. Clovis defeats the Visigoths

under Alaric. Death of Alaric

APPENDIX II

REFERENCES EXPLANATORY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATING CHAPTER IV

THE quatrefoils on the foundation of the west front of Amiens Cathedral, described in the course of the fourth chapter, had never been engraved or photographed in any form accessible to the public until last year [1880], when I commissioned M. Kaltenbacher (6, Passage du Commerce), who had photographed them for M. Viollet le Duc, to obtain negatives of the entire series, with the central pedestal of the Christ.

The proofs are entirely satisfactory to me, and extremely honourable to M. Kaltenbacher's skill: and it is impossible to obtain any more instructive and interesting, in exposition of the manner of central thirteenthcentury sculpture.

I directed their setting so that the entire succession of the quatrefoils might be included in eighteen plates; the front and two sides of the pedestal raise their number to twenty-one: the whole, unmounted, sold by my agent Mr. Ward (the negatives being my own property) for four guineas; or separately, each five shillings.1

Besides these of my own, I have chosen four general views of the cathedral from M. Kaltenbacher's formerly-taken negatives, which, together with the first-named series, (twenty-five altogether,) will form a complete body of illustrations for the fourth chapter of "THE BIBLE OF AMIENS"; costing in all five guineas, forwarded free by post from Mr. Ward's (2, Church Terrace, Richmond, Surrey). In addition to these, Mr. Ward will supply the photograph of the four scenes from the life of St. Firmin, mentioned in Chapter i. § 7; price five shillings.*

For those who do not care to purchase the whole series, I have marked with an asterisk the plates which are especially desirable.

The two following lists 2 will enable readers who possess the plates to refer without difficulty both from the photographs to the text, and from

This is the first of another series of photographs illustrative of the cathedral, which has not been continued.-ED. (1897).

1 [Copies of the photographs are now (1907) to be had of George Allen and Sons.

[To which in this edition references have been added to the Plates on which the several photographs are reproduced.]

the text to the photographs, which will be found to fall into the following groups :

THE MONTHS AND ZODIACAL SIGNS, WITH ZEPHANIAH AND HAGGAI.

18-21. THE SOUTHERN PORCH.

SCRIPTURAL HISTORY, WITH OBADIAH AND AMOS.

22-25. MISCELLANEOUS.

PART I

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS WITH REFERENCE TO THE QUATREFOILS, ETC.

*

Plates.

.

David. Lion and Dragon. Vine.
Lily and Cockatrice.

XIII.

Rose and Adder.

* The sections referred to in this Appendix are those of Chapter IV.-Ed. (1897).