has been bestowed to the preservation of a proper degree of coolness during summer, than to the guarding. against cold in winter, because it is during the summer season that the principal operations of the dairy are carried on.

PLAN OF THE DAIRY AND ITS APPURTENANCES.

EXPLANATIONS.

A. The Dairy in the centre surrounded by open passages. B. The entry to ditto from the north. C. The ice-house. D. The scullery, or wash-house, with the door from the south, and benches placed under. f. Door communicating with the milk-house, &c. h. Fire-place.

A. The milk-house.

window, with the
lator, or air-pipe.

i. Valve at the top. house.

VOL. III.

B B. Pafsages round it. exterior window g over it. g. The exterior window. FIG. 3. THE VENTILATOR.

c. The interior

d. The venti

k. Ditto at bottom communicating with the milkn. Ditto with the passage.

2 E

The attention to the winter temperature, however, has not been wholly disregarded. It was with that view that the walls of the exterior gallery were made so close, and the communication with the ventilator at top directed to be so carefully cut off by means of the air-tight valve: for this, by preventing the escape of the air that is heated by the action of the sun through the wall, acts in a manner directly the reverse of what it does in summer, by instantly permitting the air thus heated to be carried off into the atmosphere, and to have its place immediately occupied by the cool air; thus does the sun itself become an agent for producing cold at one season, and heat at another, so as to preserve an equality of temperature throughout the whole year. The stream of running water, where it can be commanded, especially if that comes from a contiguous spring, tends to co-operate in the same manner, as its natural temperature is much below the summer's heat, and greatly above the summer's cold. For augmenting these effects, it will be well to open the doors into the surrounding gallery as seldom as possible during severe weather in winter; nor can this be inconvenient, as little can be wanted there during that season. The milk-house itself, during the inclement season, should be always entered through the anti-room.

Had it been necefsary, however, to make as much use of the milk-house in winter as in summer, still more efficacious means might have been easily devised for guarding against cold, The fire-place might: have been made near to that end of the house, from which a flue might have been led, for. the admifsion

but as this, under injudicious management, might have done harm, it has been judged more expedient, to remove that temptation out of the way. By the contrivances already specified, the bad effects of the severest cold that occurs in ordinary seasons will be sufficiently obviated; and in case of an accidental decurrence of extreme inclemency of weather while the dairy is employed, which can seldom happen, recourse may be had to extraordinary cures. This could be easily done by placing upon the table, on these occasions, a barrel filled with boiling water, closely bunged up, which would emit a gentle warmth all round, that in this close place would preserve a genial temperature for a long time; or a parcel of bricks heated in the fire, and suffered to cool here, would produce a similar effect. These are simple remedies that are always in our power, to which we can have recourse whenever they are wanted, and thus, without any expensive apparatus, free, ourselves from the danger of casual emergencies. This I should greatly prefer to complicated stoves, and registers liable to be deranged through neglect, in every case of this sort, where they are so seldom wanted, as never to render the use of them perfectly familiar to those who are to be entrusted with the regulation of them.

The next objects that demand our attention are, the utensils of the dairy; a subject seemingly of a trifling nature, but which is, however, of no small importance to those who hope to derive profit from this branch of rural economy. But this shall be deferred till another occasion.

· [To be continued.]

ON THE TRANSFORMATION, &c. OF INSECTS.

[Continued from page 358.]

On the Metamorphoses and Manners of the Cockchaffer Fly, the Scarabaeus Melolontha, Lin.; with Hints tending to lead towards some Means of destroying it.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

We have already had occasion to take notice of the diversity of forms and habitudes that the larvæ of winged insects assume, which are, in all cases, ex

have seen examples of some of those larvæ that live as aquatic insects for years together, which, in their imago or perfect state, are killed in one moment if immersed in that element. Some of these larvæ are voracious to an astonishing degree, and commit inconceivable ravages on the products of the fields, which in their winged state do no harm to any object in nature, only sporting for a short time in amorous dalliance, and then expiring, without having tasted food. Others are alike destructive in their larya and perfect state; among which class is to be placed the object of our present memoir.

This scarabeus is so well known in England by the common name of cock-chaffer, that a particular description of it is not necefsary; and becomes, indeed, the lefs so on account of the figure of it which we have annexed, in its larva, and perfect state; so that it may be recognised by the most carelefs observer. Its eggs are deposited by the mother in the ground, from each of which proceeds, after a short time, a small whitish worm with six feet, that is destined to live in the earth under that form for the space of four years, and there undergo all its changes, until it finally afsumes its pupa form; subsisting, during its abode in the earth, upon the roots of trees and other plants that grow in the soil, committing ravages among these crops, on some occasions, of the most. deplorable kind, so as totally to disappoint the bestfounded hopes of the agriculturist: and after it afsumes its winged state, it devours the leaves of trees and other plants with an avidity not much less than that of the locust; so that, in certain seasons, and in par