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of Rome. Life-spark of Christianity preserved. Individual
lights found in West through, darkest ages of decline.
Church and court of Rome-mystery of iniquity—iden-
tified with mystic Babylon-with Antichrist. Grounds
of comparison with Mahometanism. Controversial objects
disclaimed single aim to elicit truth from history and
prophecy. Analogy of popes with caliphs-alike claimed
universal sovereignty-alike distributed kingdoms at will
-alike promoted creeds of violence and persecution.
Practical exemplifications of these tenets right of war
against infidels of persecution against heretics-faith
not kept with either. Vain attempts of Romanists to dis-
own these tenets. Candour of Mussulmans. Pilgrimage-
Romish - Mahometan to Jerusalem to Mecca-to
tombs of saints and martyrs. Analogy in religious orders
— Mendicants - Dervises common rules and vows.
Ascetical severities show of external sanctity-celi-
bacy Scripture marks of Antichrist. Seculars and re-
gulars Tusmans and Dervises. Romish and Mussul-
man priesthood influence in secular affairs. Maho-
metan holy wars - Papal crusades.

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SECTION XI.—Pages 142—199.

THE CRUSADES.

Re-action of Saracenic eruption. Judgment formed of by
modern historical writers. Dr. Robertson. denies ori-
ginal policy admits beneficial results. Mr. Gibbon-
questions existence of political motives - denies eventual
benefits. Crusades in both aspects eminently providen-
tial. Some of their political bearings certainly foreseen.
Political motives urged by their first projectors. Paradox
advanced by Mr. Gibbon. Steps of his reasoning pur-
sued. Important admission of, noticed. Crusades only
sufficient obstacle to Turkish career. Their effects
empire of Turks-on Greek empire-conceded by Mr.
Gibbon. His premises and conclusions contradictory-

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vindicates Popes and European princes against his own
aspersions. National security and independence neces-
sary for national prosperity and improvement. Fruits of
crusades. Mahometan and Papal sacred wars complete
the prophetic struggle between Isaac and Ishmael. Spe-
culations of Dr. Robertson and Mr. Gibbon respecting
crusades, fallen into disrepute. Results of more recent
inquiry establish at once the human policy and provi-
dential benefits of the holy wars. The Reformation itself
one indirect consequence. Immediate evils as nothing
compared with compensatory good. Both warfares pro-
videntially timed and adjusted for punishment and im-
provement of mankind - parts of great providential
administration of the world. Sacred wars of Saracens
natural products of Islamism - Crusades unnatural fruits
of perverted Christianity - Gospel of peace converted by
Popes into a religion of the sword. Change brought
about in the crisis of Europe and the world - Turks
meditate universal dominion -on eve of erecting it
arrested by crusades. The rival warfares commenced

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alike in dark ages conducted alike to ages of light.
Crusades opened a communication with Mahometan Asia,
just before Saracen lights were extinguished by the
Turks. Concurrence of circumstances apparently pro-
vidential in their rise-superstitious panic of Europe
in the tenth century - coincident with the birth of
Turkish power. Persecution of Latin pilgrims in Pales-
tine consequent sympathy and indignation of the West.
Peter the Hermit raised up-character-qualifications-
compared and contrasted with Mahomet. Analogy be-
tween wars of cross and crescent - motives
- agents—
co-extensive fields. Crusades diverted from primitive
object to propagation of Popery by the sword - Wal-
denses Albigenses - Prussians - Teutonic knights.
Iniquity over-ruled for good. Historical parallel of op-
posed tyrannies sensibly providential. Recurrence to
fundamental principle - Covenants with Abraham

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Ishmael to inhabit in face of all his brethren Saracens
penetrate to gates of Rome Crusaders to walls of
Mecca-fulfilment of promise co-extensive with Roman
world-eastern and western Christendom measured and
re-measured by armies of contending faiths. Concluding
remark.

SECTION XII.- Pages 200-245.

ANALOGY BETWEEN CHRISTIANITY AND MAHOMETANISM,
IN THEIR INFLUENCES ON NATIONAL CHARACTER AND
CIVILIZATION; ON INDUSTRY, MANUFACTURES, AND COM-

MERCE.

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- anec-

Double triumph of Christianity-over citizens of Roman
empire-over barbarians of Scythia and Germany. Double
triumph of Mahometanism — over Christian citizens of
Greek empire-over pagan barbarians of Turquestan
and Tartary. Characteristic contrast between these pa-
rallel victories. Relative influences of Gospel and Koran
on national character- barbarians of north of Asia and
Europe. Mr. Gibbon - testimony to effects of Christi-
anity on barbarians of North—assigned causes. Analo-
gous effects of Mahometanism—similar causes assignable.
Primitive influences on Arabs
on pagan Africans: sub-
sequent effects on Turks and Tartars. Saladin
dote of. Best fruits of Islamism imitative. Gospel and
Koran alike sources of two great civil confederations.
Effects on national character equally traceable to oper-
ation of religious belief. Saracen genius imitative — im-
parted what it had plagiarized from Eastern Christendom
-planted seed in new ground. Agriculture-studied
- improved diffused by Arabs-progress of in Asia
-in Spain. Irrigation. Horticulture. Cotton-plant.
Sugar-cane. Manufactures of Africa of Spain.
Cloths. Silk. Paper. Steel. Principles of taxation -
revenue of Saracen Spain - surpassed the united re-
venues of Christian Europe. Commerce. Saracens,

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though not a seafaring, a commercial people. Carriers of
ancient world-propagators at once of Mahometanism
and inland commerce. Re-open the communication be-
tween extremities of Asia and Europe. Erect a naval
power acquire empire of Mediterranean - make voy-
ages of commerce and maritime discovery - penetrate
Chinese seas traverse Indian ocean. Commercial in-
fluences of Mahometanism replaced and excelled by
those of Christianity. Civil and social influences of Gos-
pel. Husbandry in disrepute among the barbarian con-
querors of Roman empire - revived by Mahometanism
and the Crusades. Holland - Netherlands - north of
Germany schools of Agriculture established. Sicily
-Italy-agricultural industry restored. Manufactures.
Branches cultivated among the Saracens, imported by
Crusades. Silk stuffs -Manufactories-transit of through
Sicily and Italy to France and England. Cloths-
Netherlands - excel fabrics of East. Military arms

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Milan competes with Damascus and Toledo. Glass
and paper - Manufactories introduced from Spain and
Tyre. Commerce. Navigation as a science, the offspring
of the Crusades. Mariner's compass. History of com-
merce changed by influences of Christianity. Portugal
and Spain-discovery voyages - connected with agency
of Islamism-coincident with its fall in West. New
route to India-New World. Portuguese empire in India.
counteractive of Ottoman power. Christianity and Ma-
hometanism, in their opposite commercial careers, meet at
the Cape of Good Hope. Portuguese persecutions-
Inquisition of God. Great Britain - Episcopal church in
India
- prospects of Christianity.

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SECTION XIII.—Pages 246-360.

ANALOGY BETWEEN CHRISTIANITY AND MAHOMETANISM, IN
THEIR INFLUENCES ON ARTS, SCIENCES, PHILOSOPHY, AND

LITERATURE.

Industry and commerce parents of science and civilization.
This principle signally exemplified during interval be-
tween eighth and sixteenth centuries. Joint agency of
Christianity and Mahometanism instrumental to the en-
tire process of improvement. Parallel action of the two
creeds for mental renovation of mankind—in producing
the intellectual wealth of modern Europe. Erection of
great cities throughout East and West. Cities of Spain
and Italy chief seats of commerce - these countries the
providential sources of general revival of letters. Ma-
hometan knowledge originally derived from Christianity
- subsequently resigned back to right owner. Saracens
never effected conquests without founding cities. Archi-
tecture character of Saracenic style Progress of in
Asia Africa Spain. Visits of Europeans - especially
of ecclesiastics-to Saracen Spain - A. D. 900—1100.
Intercourse of Crusaders with cities of East. Coinci-
dent rise of architectural school in Europe - probabilities
respecting origin. Previous state of European architec-
ture. Lombard school exchanged for Norman. Its
marked resemblance to Saracenic. French architects

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accompany S. Louis into East -on their return erect Holy
Chapel and Church of Chartreux at Paris. Saracenic
architecture discovers first principles - Gothic reaches
perfection of pointed style. Sculpture-painting-
Saracens precluded from cultivating by religion. Music
Saracenic-its connection with restoration of art in
West. Geography. Its study promoted by Saracen dis-
coveries. Science of, advanced by Arabs. Practically
restored in Europe by Crusades by early voyagers.
Scientifically perfected by subsequent agency of Christi-
anity. Mathematics. Study congenial to Saracens.