the whole plain.' 9. in adversum Romani subiere: 'the Romans advanced up the hill.' 10. Principes: best understood as subject of ciebant, with Mettius and Hostius as appositives. ab Sabinis: 'on the part of the Sabines.'

11. Hos

tius Hostilius: said in chap. xxii. to have been the grandfather of king Tullus Hostilius. 12. rem: the cause.' iniquo

loco concessive. ad prima signa: 'in the foremost ranks.' 14. inclinatur: gives way.' portam Palatii: the Porta Mugonia or Mugionis, one of the three gates of Roma Quadrata, the original Palatine city, was on the north side of the hill, near the highest point of the Via Sacra and the Arch of Titus. 15. actus : 'carried along,' 'swept away.' 18.

6

superata: passed over and left behind.' (perhaps sal(u)tim), ‘at least.'

alliteration. placed first. 22. praesenti

20. saltem : deme . . siste: the solemnity of the invocation is heightened by the chiasmus and 21. Statori: the epithet is emphasized by being quod . . . sit: A. 317, 2; H. 497, I.; G. 545, I. note the constant use of this adjective to characterize the help of the gods. 29. foro: the ground afterward occupied by the Forum was then a swampy valley, and so continued till the construction of the system of cloacae. 30. hospites . . . hostes: an instance of paronomasia, i. e. the use in juxtaposition of words of similar sound, quite frequent in Livy. Vide p. 71, 1. 9, and p. 97, 1. 6.

Page 17. 1. haec gloriantem: 'thus boasting;' the use of the accusative with this verb, instead of the ablative with de, is unusual.

valiant soldiers.'

2. ferocissimorum iuvenum: the most 3. Ex equo cf. ap' iππоυ: 'on horseback.' 5. Mettius in paludem, etc.:

eo: construe with facilius. this aetiological myth explains the name of a marshy pool which existed in the Forum. 7. periculo: causal ablative. 9. favore encouragement, applause;' the language is borrowed from the amphitheatre or circus, where partisans of particular contestants encouraged them by gesture and voice (adnuere, vocare). 11. res Romana erat superior: 'the Romans were getting the upper hand.'

CHAP. XIII. 15. dirimere . . . dirimere: 'parted the hostile armies. . . put an end to the angry contest;' historical infinitives. 17. nefando: (ne, fari), unspeakable, 'abomina

ble.'

parricidio not patri-cidium, but from par and caedere, Cf. the quae

hence the murder of an equal, a fellow citizen.

stores parricidii of early Roman law, the "trackers of murder." 18. nepotum progeniem: the former, their offspring consisting of grandchildren: the latter, their offspring consisting of children:' nepotum and liberum are so-called genitives of definition used where an appositive might well stand. A. 214, ƒ ; H. 396, vI.; G. 359. 19. Si adfinitatis, etc.: note the change from oratio obliqua to oratio recta; this often serves, as here, for heightened effect. It is unusual in Cicero.

21. Melius

peribimus: brachylogy. 22. alteris: 'the one or the other (class) of you;' the word being used of two categories of men, not of two individuals; it would be natural to repeat sine alteris in place of aut. orbae fatherless.' 23.

Silentium

rese.

quies the former is cessation of speech, the

latter of action. 28. Quirites: this etymology is uncertain; the word perhaps comes from quiris, a lance, and means "the spearmen,” the soldiers of the state, or from the same root as curia, and means "the members of the curiae." Curibus: about twenty-five miles N. E. of Rome, now the village of Corappellati its subject is to be supplied from geminata urbe, i. e. all the citizens of the enlarged community. 30. vado: (vadere), where one can walk, on solid ground.' Curtium lacum: this was a bog at the foot of the Palatine Hill, subsequently drained and filled up. Livy, Book vii., ch. 6, relates another story to account for its name the legend of M. Curtius, who leaped full armed and on horseback into a chasm which opened in the Forum and could be closed only by the sacrifice of "the most valuable thing in Rome," understanding thereby its military prowess.

26. imperium: 'the government.'

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Page 18. 2. curias: the curia was a civil organization, under a curio, consisting of several gentes, having a common worship, real or fictitious kinship, etc. Vide Morey, Outlines of Roman Law, p. 8, sqq. 3. nomina earum: some of the curiae had Sabine gentile names, others had local names. 7. centuriae: (centum), bodies of (theoretically) one hundred men, i. e. one from each gens, ten from each curia. Titienses: sc. equites; the derivation is not

Ramnenses

...

as here stated; adjectives in ensis are not formed from per sonal names. 8. Lucerum: if the Luceres were the conquered Albans, it would be proper to speak of only twenty curiae in Romulus' time. But the existence of three tribes in the Roman populus is one of the "ultimate facts" of history, and upon such points as the origin of the Luceres, Livy, with characteristic conservatism, refuses to commit himself. Perhaps the most general belief in antiquity was that the Luceres were of Etruscan origin, and their name derived from lucumo, a lord. At all events, we are not very much clearer with regard to the Ramnes and Tities.

CHAP. XIV. 13. Laurentium: living about Lavinium, about eighteen miles south of Rome; cf. note on Lavinium, p. 4, 1. 17; at that time it was a considerable seaport.

pulsant:

'maltreated.' iure gentium agerent: 'made complaint according to international law;' they had a right to demand the surrender of the offenders for punishment. 16. sollemne:

cf. note on this word, p. 7, 1. 30. 18. ob infidam societatem regni: 'on account of the mistrust caused by a divided (shared) sovereignty.' 19. haud: construe with iniuria.

...

esset, quantum

...

appa

22. renovatum est: this was done yearly after the Latin festival. (Bk. VIII., ch. 11). 25. nimis vicinas prope se: pleonasm. 26. priusquam rebat: 'before there should be as much strength in the new state as it was evident there would (ere long) be.' 27. occupant facere: like poávew with a participle; they anticipated (the Romans) by beginning war;' cf. p. 38, 1. 28, and p. 112, 1. 29. Cicero and Caesar do not use this construction. 28. inter urbem ac Fidenas: Fidenae, the tête de pont of the Etruscans for many years on the Latin side of the Tiber, was only five miles above Rome.

Page 19. 3. omnibus copiis: an instance of the ablative of accompaniment without a preposition, so frequent in Livy; thus used it shades off into the modal ablative. locis . obscuris : a hopelessly corrupted passage in the MSS.; ‘in dark (shady) places round about (i. e. amongst) the thick underbrush.' 5. id quod quaerebat: refers to hostem excivit. 9. velut: apparently.' 10. trepidante: 'wavering.' pedes: singular for plural, the individual representing the multitude;

cf. Romanus, infra, l. 21. versam: 'in flank.'

trans

13. Inde: i. e. ex eo loco. 14. mota signa: the advancing

of the standards;' signa is subject of addunt. 18. effusius : ' in wilder haste.'

i. e. Romanos.

their rear.'

19. simulantes :

20. haerens in tergo: 'pressing close upon

CHAP. XV. 23. Fidenatis adjective agreeing with belli. contagione: 'infection,' as of a disease. Veientium: Veii was situated in a high, steep, rocky position, twelve miles N. W. of Rome, on the Cremera river; for a long time it was Rome's chief antagonist.

25. si Romana

essent: (because such nearness was unsafe) 'if the Roman arms were dangerous to all the neighbors;' subjunctive expressing the thought in the minds of the Veientines. 27. iusti. . belli: regular warfare,' opposed to tumultuarium. 30. Romanus: singular for plural. 31. dimicationi ultimae : a decisive conflict;' the dative is strictly governed by intentus only. Intentus is also used with ad or in and the accusative.

veterani:

Page 20. 2. de: not 'from,' but 'for,' 'on behalf of.' 4. tantum . . robore: by the sheer strength.' in using this word of the militia of early Rome, the author unconsciously introduces an idea belonging to a much later time. 5. ad moenia: construe with persecutus. 9. oratores: 'envoys,' lit. 'pleaders.' Agri parte cf. p. 43, 11. II, 12, where substantially the same statement is repeated. A. 220, b, 1; H. 410, III.; G. 377, R. I multatis dative, agreeing with the indirect object of datae (sunt). 10. indutiae: (indutus = insertus; hence a period of interruption in the course of a war), 'a truce;' in dealing with the Etruscans the Romans always concluded a truce for a fixed number of years (of ten months each), not a definitive peace. 11. ferme : 'essentially,' 'in a general way.' 12. fidei: dative with absonum, which is also used with ab and the ablative. A. 234; H. 391; G. 356, R. 5.

annos:

15. Ab illo: agent of datis. 16. quadraginta i. e. Numa's reign. deinde with adjective force, 'the next.' 18. longe ante alios acceptissimus : pleonasm, a doubly strengthened superlative. 19. Celeres: (celer, cello), probably

but another name for the equites, mentioned in ch. XIII., though the author regards them as a separate body, but does not state whether they were cavalry or footmen. The statement seems like an implication that Romulus grew despotic in his last years, and reminds one of the Greek tyrants. The whole story is perhaps due to confusion about the meaning of Celeres.

A. 229; H. 386, 2.

in

CHAP. XVI. 22. inmortalibus: worthy of immortality, 'famous.' 23. contionem: (conventio), ‘assembly.' ad Caprae paludem: the 'Goat's Marsh' was in the locality afterward occupied by the Circus Flaminius in the Campus Martius. 25. fragore tonitribusque: hendiadys, 'crashing of thunder.’ regem operuit nimbo: Vide Preller, 84. 26. contioni: abstulerit: cf. p. 6, 1. 4, and note. terris : on earth.' 27. Romana pubes .. obtinuit: a good example of the periodic sentence. Pubes, as iuvenes in other places, is equivalent to milites; the military age was from seventeen to forty-six. 28. ex: 'after.' die: 'weather.' 30. patribus: notice that the person believed is in the dative; the thing believed, in the accusative, here represented by the clause sublimem raptum esse. sublimem: 'on high.'

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Page 21. 3. salvere iubent: they all cried, Hail Romulus!' pacem: 'protection,' 'favor;' we say the 'peace of God.' 4. volens (et) propitius: asyndeton. sospitet: an archaic word. 7. manavit: 'circulated.' 10. Proculus: this praenomen occurs only in early times. According to some authorities, the gens Iulia was brought to Rome from Alba in the reign of Tullus Hostilius; cf. p. 38, 1. 3, where our author seems to contradict himself. 11. gravis: construe with auctor. quamvis limits magnae. 15. perfusus : notice the frequent metaphorical use in Latin of words of flowing. 16. contra intueri: 'to look into his face;' because not permitted men to behold the gods, except as a special mark of favor. 17. ita velle, ut . . . : without ita, velle would have been followed, as usual, by the subjunctive without ut, or by an infinitive clause.

it was

CHAP. XVII. 24. Patrum: here not patricians, but senators, who at this time were all patricians, as it was not till the time of Tarquinius Priscus that representatives of the more important plebeian families were introduced into the Senate as