tempus otio terebant.

the camp.

18. apud: 'at the quarters of 19. Egerii: cf. chaps. xxxiv. and xxxviii.

,' in

23.

24. iuventae: this word

Quin (qui non): 'why not?' was introduced by Livy into prose. praesentes: 'with our own eyes.' 25. nostrarum: sc. uxorum. spectatissimum : 'the most striking, most signal proof.' Seeley thinks cuique refers to the wives, and that the expression is equivalent to sit spectatissima quaeque secundum id quod, etc. 28. intendentibus tenebris: 'as the shades of evening were falling.' 29. Collatiam: cf. note on p. 48, 1. 4. 30. convivio luxuque: hendiadys.

Page 70. 2. lanae: spinning, carding, and weaving were the chief occupations of the Roman housewife; cf. the wellknown inscription on the grave of a matron, “ "lanifica, pia, pudica."

CHAP. LVIII. 12. ignaris

quae circa erant.

sopitique

unsuspicious.'

14. circa = sound asleep.' 17. moriere: forms of second person passive in -re (rather than -ris) are rare in Livy. 18. pavida ex somno: 'awaking in affright.' 20. versare... animum: tried in every way to work upon her feelings as a woman.'

22. ad metum dedecus: 'fear of

disgrace to fear for her life.' 24. sordido: i. e. with a 'mean' man, a slave. 25. velut vi atrox: this is one of the least objectionable conjectures as to the reading of a very perplexing line in the MSS. Velut vi i. e. by threats he accomplished the same result as if he had used force. 26. ferox . . muliebri: 'triumphing in his conquest of her womanly honor.' 29. facto maturatoque opus: 'need of action, and that speedily.' 31. Valerio: afterward called Publicola. Volesi : this praenomen does not occur elsewhere than in connection with this individual.

Page 71. 3. suorum: refers to the logical subject Lucretia, though the grammatical subject is lacrimae. 4. Satin salvae ? = Satisne salvae sunt res? is all well?' Minime:

colloquial; a strong negation like our 'anything but.' testis erit: my death shall prove.'

7. mors

9. hostis pro hospite:

11. pestiferum : 12. animi: A. 218, c, R.;

a favorite paronomasia of our author. 'fatal;' construe with mihi sibique.

H. 399, III., I; G. 374, R. 3. noxam 'guilt.' 15. videritis : A. 266; H. 483, 2; G. 256. 18. prolapsa in vulnus: 'her head sinking on her wounded breast.' 19. Conclamat: cf. p. 51, 1. 32, and note.

CHAP. LIX. 25. scelerata: especially because of her conduct toward her father; cf. ch. xlviii. 30. in Bruti pectore: in the breast of the Dullard.' 31. totique adverbial, 'altogether; there is no adverb from totus.

Page 72. 4. tum Brutus

auctor: as well as the

surprising fact that it was Brutus who reprehended useless tears and advised,' etc. 6. adversus hostilia ausos adversus eos qui hostilia ausi essent. 7. Ferocissimus quisque: 'all men of spirit.' 10. regibus: 'to any of the royal family.' 13. Rursus: 'again,' 'on the other hand.' 14. haud temere esse: 'that it was not without good reason.' 17. Celerum: cf. p. 20, l. 19, and note. 18. magistratu: the tribunus celerum was not a magistrate in the sense in which that word was used under the republic, but an officer subordinate to the king, and not having the right, as such, to call an assembly of the people. Here he is made to act, in the king's absence, like a republican Master of Horse in the absence of the Dictator; but, as Seeley remarks, these proceedings were revolutionary, not constitutional. Some editors consider it unlikely that an imbecile should be appointed to so important an office as this, and others regard the fact as a good illustration of the vicious methods of monarchical government, while the simple truth is that it is most unlikely that Brutus was a dullard at all.

19. pectoris in the sense of 'character, disposition,' is rather poetic. 22. Tricipitini: i. e. Sp. Lucretius, the father of Lucretia. morte construe with indignior ac miserabilior. 25. demersae: used here only by Livy with in and the accusative. 26. circa: used adjectively. 28. caedis: older form of nominative; cf. stirpis, p. 4, 1. 18; aedis, p. 43, l. 15. 30. praesens: 'existing at that time.' indignitas: subjective; 'indignation.' 31. scriptoribus: construe with facilia; the fiery indignation of the speaker could hardly be expressed by the historian. subicit: 'suggests' (to a speaker); present tense because it is a general truth. 32. imperium . . . abrogaret : Tarquin had not been regularly elected by the people, nor had

he received the auspices from a properly constituted interrex; he was therefore a usurper, and the people had the right to take from him his imperium, which was de facto only. This would not have been true in the case of a king regularly and constitutionally appointed. 34. nomina dabant: 'enlisted,' for service against Tarquin.

Page 73. 1. praefecto urbis: an officer left in command when the king, afterward when the consuls, left the city, “qui ius redderet et subitis mederetur" (Tac. Ann. vi. 11).

9.

CHAP. LX. 7. flexit viam: 'took another road.' Ardeam: the siege of Ardea and its result seems entirely forgotten in the interest of more important events. 12. Caere: terminal accusative. 17. Regnatum: sc. est, 'the monarchy

lasted.' 18. Duo consules: originally called praetors; these magistrates held at the beginning the same powers as the king, but there were two of them with equal authority, and their term of office was limited to a year. 19. comitiis centuriatis : the assembly of all the citizens, patricians and plebeians, voting by classes and centuries. a praefecto urbis: it seems that this ought to have been done by an interrex; Dionysius says that it was so. The authority of a praefectus urbis ceased with the imperium of him who had appointed him. The sovereignty then would return to the patres, who would delegate it to an interrex. a: 'under the presidency of.' tariis: according to the constitution.'

20. ex commen

BOOK XXI.

Page 74. CHAP. I. 1. parte sharply contrasted with summae totius; 'a section of my work,' the third decade, of which the second Punic war was the subject. 2. summae totius: 'of a whole history.' Livy's work embraces the whole history of Rome; the works of others had embraced single periods only. 3. maxime . . memorabile, etc.: Thucydides opens his history with a similar statement about the Peloponnesian war. The second Punic war was memorable because it was a decisive conflict for supremacy between the Aryan and Semitic races, involving the whole subsequent history of European civilization. 4. umquam: he does not mean simply Roman wars, but all wars. gesta sint: this clause is put as a logical part of the statement contained in me scripturum, etc. A. 336, 342; H. 529, 11.; G. 666. Hannibale: (-băl, though the early Roman authors wrote -bal), the name means "Grace of Baal;" Baal was the supreme god of the Phoenicians. The second Punic was very properly called the Hannibalic war; after its unsuccessful issue, the aristocratic party at Carthage tried to devolve all responsibility for it upon Hannibal, who was, at all events, not to blame for the final failure. But Livy considers it the affair of the Punic state, though in Bk. xxxiii., ch. 45, he says, "Belli per unum illum non magis gesti quam moti.” 5. gessere: A. 336, b; H. 524, 2; G. 631, R. 2. 6. neque validiores the following sentence contains four reasons for calling this war maxime memorabile. opibus: all kinds of resources, sources of power. 7. his ipsis : it may be questioned whether the power of Carthage was not greater in the first war, when certainly the manifestations of it were greater. And Rome, of course, was subsequently more powerful, though perhaps never so vigorous.

8. virium . . roboris: strength for offence and defence respectively, manifest outward power and inward vigor. belli artes: 'methods of warfare,'' tactics;' yet the first war was mainly naval; the second, carried on almost entirely upon land. inter sese: seems to refer primarily to conferebant, like inter

se.

contulerunt, above; but probably in the author's mind the phrase may have been associated also more or less distinctly with ignotas. 9. expertas: passive. 10. propius periculum: 'nearer the brink of destruction,' the reference being chiefly to the critical position of the Romans after the battle of Cannae; prope in all degrees is followed in Livy by the accusative. 11. qui vicerunt: an independent statement of fact not logically subordinate to ut . . . fuerint, and so not put into the subjunctive. 'presumed to make war.' Poenis sc. indignantibus. on Sicilia, etc., infra, 1. 20. junctive by a false analogy with one of the author's favorite frequentative forms. 15. Fama est: this is not a mere tradition, but a story attested by Polybius, Appian, Nepos, Valerius Maximus, and others. norum: A. 215, b; H. 396, v.; G. 364, R.; a genitive of quality is not usually attached directly to a proper name. 16. blandientem: 'coaxing,' wheedling, trying to induce by caresses, hence followed naturally by ut duceretur. Hamilcari: 'gift of Melcart; ' the great Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal and his valiant brothers, the "lion's brood." 17. Africo bello: the war of Carthage with her mutinous mercenaries and revolted subjects, at the close of the first war with Rome.

13. ultro inferrent arma : A. 341, d; H. 516, II.; G. 541. 14. superbe avareque cf. note crederent: put into the subinferrent, l. 13. inperitatum :

an

18. altaribus: generally used in plural with singular meaning. 19. hostem in deed as well as in feeling. 20. spiritus : genitive. virum Hamilcar. Sicilia Sardiniaque amissae : 'the loss of Sicily and Sardinia; Hamilcar was unsubdued in western Sicily, when his countrymen, regarding the war as settled by their naval defeat off the Aegatian islands, made peace in 241 B. C., ceding all their possessions in Sicily. Afterwards, when Carthage made preparations to subdue Sardinia, which had revolted, Rome pretended to regard this action as a menace of war against herself, and obliged Carthage to purchase peace by giving up the island and paying an indemnity of twelve hundred talents, about $1,500,000, (stipendio etiam insuper inposito). The indemnity exacted in 241 B. C. had, moreover, been increased by the Roman senate beyond the amount stipulated by the Roman commander in the preliminary treaty of peace. All this conduct explains superbe avareque in l. 14. 22. inter: