with his election. A letter to this effect being sent him on the eve of his great victory over the Insubres, in 223 B. C., he refused to read the letter till after the battle.

29. de triumpho after this victory the senate refused him the honor of a triumph, as he was not in their view legally consul; so he triumphed by a vote of the people. ob novam legem: probably in 220 B. C., directed against the new spirit of commercial speculation that had sprung up among the aristocracy. novam: 'unprecedented,' or perhaps 'recent.' 31. uno patrum: 'alone of the senators' (not patricians).

3.

Page 139. 1. trecentarum amphorarum: amphora = one cubic foot, and so was called also quadrantal; three hundred amphorae = seven and one-half tons, not allowing for the difference between the Roman and English foot. patribus construe with indecorus. 7. Latinarumque feriarum mora: 'delay caused by the Latin festival.' The new consuls had always to appoint by proclamation the time for this festival, and to offer in person the sacrifices to Jupiter Latiaris on the Alban mountain, before departing from Rome.

8. consularibus aliis inpedimentis: 'other hindrances applicable to a consul;' the adjective has the force of an objective genitive. 9. simulato itinere : i. e. on private business. 13. inauspicato: ablative absolute. revocantibus ex ipsa acie: cf. note on p. 138, 1. 28. 15. spretorum: i. e. deorum. Capitolium, etc. here follows an enumeration of the formalities attendant upon the consuls' taking office. solemnem: 'usual,' sanctioned by custom. 17. senatum, etc.: the senate held a sitting at once in the Capitoline temple, at which religious matters were discussed and the time for the feriae Latinae was fixed, and then one of the consuls delivered a speech de republica.

21. paludatus: after assuming the (red) military cloak,' which was done at the Capitol before going forth to take command of the army. Paludamentum pallium fuit imperatorium purpura et auro distinctum. It was, like the axes in the fasces, a sign of the full military imperium, which could be exercised only outside the pomoerium. 24. solum vertisset: solum vertere, to take up one's abode in another country; Romans could go into voluntary exile, when charged with a capital

28.

crime, and so avoid other punishment. 27. retrahendumque : yet they seem to have been afraid to use actual force. praesentem: 'in person.'

34. inmolantique ei: A. 235;

H. 384, II. 4; inmolare is to sprinkle the sacred meal (mola) on the victim's head. 35. sacrificantium: the priest's

assistants. proripuisset: this was a dire omen.

Page 140. 2. Legionibus . . . duabus: we suppose they had been all winter at Placentia, and not that they proceeded at this time from Luca to Ariminum and then back to Arretium; cf. note on p. 135, l. 13. 4. Atilio: doubtless he had been sent to relieve the wounded Scipio. The fifth legion was probably left to defend Cisalpine Gaul. Apennini tramites :

not the Via Flaminia, but mountain passes.

BOOK XXII.

Page 141. CHAP. I. 1. ver: the spring of 217 B. C. hibernis Hannibal had spent the winter in the neighborhood of Placentia and, according to Bk. xxi., ch. 59, partly in Liguria. 2. ante conatus, etc.: cf. Bk. xxi., ch. 58; there could hardly have been time between the prima ac dubia signa veris and the time when iam ver adpetebat for so much as the author attempts to include in the interval. 5. pro eo, ut agerentque instead of their plundering,' etc.; a somewhat awkward equivalent for the Greek ἀντὶ τοῦ ἄγειν; ferre agere is a more usual expression than the one here used. 7. hibernis: the Romans had wintered in Cremona and Placentia; but cf. p. 135, 1. 13 and note. videre: notice the frequency of this form of perfect. 9. fraude: construe with servatus erat. 10. levitate: construe with indican

tium.

6

16. de re publica

19. imperium: in had been passed; this

12. tegumenta capitis: wigs of different colors; Polybius mentions this fact. errore: 'confusion,' uncertainty.' 15. idibus Martiis: by the corrected calendar this date would have fallen in January and would not be simultaneous with iam ver adpetebat; there is a confusion of the two calendars in the author's mind. rettulissent: cf. note on p. 79, 1. 11. his case no lex curiata de imperio had to be proposed by the consul in person to the thirty lictors representing the ancient curiae, and though it was a mere formality, yet it was considered as of essential importance, and without it he could not take official auspices. event the auspices must be first taken at Rome; after that they could be continued abroad. The formality of the lex curiata is one of the best illustrations of the intense conservatism of the Romans. Magistratus: accusative plural. 22. auspicia: subject of sequi. 24. concipere: (literally ‘to formulate,') ‘institute,' 'take.'

In any

Page 142. 3. equiti: A. 235; H. 384, II. 4, N. 2. 5. orbem minui: probably a partial eclipse; the usual verb for an

eclipse is deficere.

Latium; locative.

6. Praeneste: an allied city in the east of lapides... cecidisse: i. e. single stones;

distinguish from lapidibus pluere, for which a a novemdiale

sacrum is always ordered.

Capenae in southern Etruria.

brated hot baths of Caere, of which the principal one was the fons Herculis. 10. Antii: on the coast of Latium. 11.

Faleriis: in southern Etruria.

...

14. excidisse: they were kept on a string. 15. signum: 'statue;' standing in his temple on the Appian Way. 16. luporum : the wolf was sacred to Mars. Capuae the chief city of Campania and the second in Italy. 18. minoribus . . dictu: 'less noteworthy.' 21. auctoribusque in curiam introductis: those who reported prodigies were carefully examined, to test the correctness of their information. 23. maioribus hostiis: cf. p. 138, 1. 9 and note. 26. cordi : A. 233, a; H. 390; G. 350. 27. carminibus: the Sibylline oracles were metrical. 28. Iovi... Iunoni Minervaeque : the three supreme deities of the Capitol. pondo cf. note on p. 138, 1. 11. 34. libertinae: this corresponds with the enrollment of libertini in the legions; infra, ch. xi. 35. Feroniae a goddess of spring, of flowers and of love; her chief temple was near Mt. Soracte; emancipations took place at her altars, especially in her temple at Tarracina.

Page 143. 1. Decembri: of 217 B. C., an anticipation. 2. aedem Saturni: at the foot of the Capitoline hill, on the side toward the Forum; it was used as the state treasury and record office. 3. senatores this was unusual: generally it was done by the Decemviri or Duumviri. 4. Saturnalia This was an

. . . clamata : 'they cried, "Io! Saturnalia!" ancient Italian festival or carnival, originally celebrated a single day, December 19th; cf. Hor. Sat. ii. 3, 5. It survives in the convivial features of our Christmas. Perhaps on the occasion in question Greek rites were connected with it in obedience to the Sibylline books. 5. diem et noctem: 'one day and one night;' Madvig, Emend. Liv. 487, note 1 (2d ed.).

CHAP. II. 8. dilectu: dative. A. 68; H. 116; G. 67. Besides the remnants of the last year's army, each consul received two new legions and a contingent of allies. 9. Arre

tium : an important town and strategic position on the Via Cassia in Northern Etruria, now Arezzo. 10. aliud longius . . . iter: out of several possible routes we can hardly identify any one as intended by Livy. H. might have gone to the west viâ Luna or Lucca to Pisa, or to the east viâ Bononia and Ariminum. Manifestly his object was to beat Flaminius before his junction with Servilius. It is not unlikely that the nearer way which he chose brought him viâ Pistoria into the Arno valley, which, in the vicinity of Facsulae (Fiesole), corresponds somewhat, in the spring, to the description here given. The long time occupied in going so short a distance can be explained only by the extraordinary difficulties of the ground. In any case, it was a route which the enemy did not expect him to take. 14. necubi ne cubi, not nec ubi; cf. ali-cubi, etc. 19. mollis ad talia: cf. p. 97, 1. 31; pigerrima ad eadem. dilaberentur: 'slip off,' 'desert.' proceed.' cohibentem: the present participle expressing purpose is unusual. 20. qua modo: 'wherever,' anywhere . . . if only.' 21. profundas: 'almost bottomless;' there was no bottom but soft mud, so far as they could reach. hausti : concessive. 22. inmergentesque se: 'plunging in.' 23. sustinere se prolapsi: to regain their feet when they slipped.' 27. vigiliae: 'loss of sleep.' 29. in sicco: a characteristic phrase, a substantivized adjective with a preposition. 31. sarcinis individual packs, distinguished from collective baggage 'impedimenta.' 32. tantum . . . dabant: 'afforded a bare resting-place to men who sought merely something that stood above the water.'

subsisterent: 'refuse to

...

Page 144. 3. intemperie . . . frigoraque: 'bad weather with its alternations of heat and cold.' 4. quo: A. 317, 3, b; H. 497, II., 2; G. 545, 2. 6. caelo atmosphere.' vante: 'affecting.' 7. altero oculo capitur: 'lost the sight of one eye.'

gra

9. de: we should

CHAP. III. 8. foede ingloriously.' expect ex. 11. Arreti: a good position from which to watch Hannibal, who might be expected to march upon Rome by the line of the Via Cassia; thence also it was easy to combine forces with his colleague coming from Ariminum. 13. copias ad commeatus expediendos: 'opportunities for obtaining sup