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ened, business and normal departments introduced, the schedule extended to 6 days in the week, and the faculty enlarged. The busi ness depression of 1893 greatly affected the college and discouraged its friends. President Eaton resigned in the summer of 1894, believing that the institution would not continue.

In September 1894 the trustees elected to the presidency Rev. Stephen B. L. Penrose, a graduate of Williams College and Yale University, who continued in the position until June 1934. Under his administration the college increased in numbers, in resources, and in prestige. The normal and business departments were at once given up, and the preparatory department in 1912. A conservatory of music was developed.

On June 18, 1934, commencement day, President Penrose retired, becoming president emeritus and professor of philosophy. He was succeeded by Dr. Rudolph A. Clemen, A. B., M. A., Dalhousie, M. A., Ph.D., Harvard. He was born June 11, 1893, at Halifax, Nova Scotia. He has served on the faculties of Purdue, Chicago, and Northwestern. His numerous publications include "By-Products of the Packing Industry", University of Chicago Press.

At present the college gives the degree of bachelor of arts for graduates from all 14 departments: Philosophy, psychology and education, history, political and social science, economics and business, Greek, Latin, French, German, English, mathematics, chemistry, physics, biology, and music. The degree of bachelor of music was discon tinued in 1928 and the degree of bachelor of science in 1931.

The college limits its attendance to 330 men and 220 women, carefully selected from accredited high schools and preparatory schools. Not all applicants are admitted but only those whose previous record clearly established their qualifications with respect to character, health, scholarship, special ability, and general promise. The con servatory of music has an additional attendance of about 250 students and occupies a well-designed and fireproof building.

The faculty includes 36 members. The treasurer's report for 1932 shows resources of $1,913,810.44. The president of the board of trustees is Allen H. Reynolds, 1889, of Walla Walla, and the chairman of the board of overseers, Hon. Mack F. Gose, LL.D., of Olympia.

The campus comprises 48 acres, with good buildings of brick and stone for administration and dormitories. A well-equipped gymna sium and athletic fields provide opportunity for physical development. A carefully organized system of intramural athletics has been in opera tion since 1920. The college library contains 47,500 bound volumes and 75,000 pamphlets.

Whitworth College.-Whitworth College, located at Spokane, Wash., is a college of liberal arts and sciences. It was founded as an academy in Sumner, Wash., in 1883, and was known as Sumner Academy. In 1890 a college department was added and the name changed to Whitworth College in honor of George F. Whitworth, D.D., who was one of the early Presbyterian missionaries in the Northwest and twice president of the University of Washington. In 1900 the college was relocated in Tacoma where it remained until 1913 when it was removed to its present site in Spokane, Wash. Whitworth College is the synodical college of the Presbyterian Church U.S.A. in Washington. It is chartered under the laws of the State and is authorized to confer the bachelor of arts and bachelor of science degrees.

In recent years the college has made remarkable growth in all depart ments. Its curriculum has been reorganized, the academy work being dropped and strong departments in the liberal arts and science subjects on a college level instituted. There are 13 departments offering major work; these departments are: Biology, chemistry, Christian education and philosophy, classical languages, education and psychology, English and literature, history and political science, home arts, mathematics and physics, modern languages, music, public speaking and dramatic art, social science. Special emphasis is placed on the preprofessional courses.

The library is under the supervision of a graduate librarian. It contains 11,500 volumes. The science laboratories are well furnished and equipped to meet the needs of present student enrollment and courses offered.

The student enrollment in recent years has grown to 217 regular students; they are distributed as follows for the year 1932-33: Freshmen, 141; sophomores, 44; juniors, 19; seniors, 13. Just recently a new building, housing the conservatory of music and auditorium, has been constructed. The auditorium has a seating capacity of 400.

Dr. Ward W. Sullivan, Ph.D., University of Illinois, has been presi dent since 1929. Previous to his election at Whitworth he had been head of the department of history and government, Fort Hays Normal School, 1912-17; associate professor of history, University of Kansas, 1918-21; assistant in department of history, University of Illinois, 1921-23; dean and head of department of history and political science, Albany College,1924-29.

Institution

TABLE 54.-Private colleges-Location, president, date established, denomination, enrollment 1933–34

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3. Private elementary and secondary schools.-The private schools in Washington make an important contribution to the educational facilities of the State. The patrons evidently believe that the private schools offer something vital in the upbuilding of child life. They are willing to maintain these institutions at their own expense and also to support the public schools. The only public assistance given to these schools is through the remission of all taxes on educational institutions not maintained for financial profit.

There are 128 private schools listed in the State educational direc tory for 1933-34. About 20 offer only high-school work, about as many more maintain both elementary and high-school grades. The remainder give only elementary-school work. There are about 500 teachers in all the schools. The schools range in size from 1-teacher schools to large graded systems. One school, Holy Names Academy, Seattle, has 52 teachers and more than 600 pupils. Twenty-three of the schools have 10 or more teachers and 10 more schools have 8 or 9 teachers.

Approximately 13,000 pupils are enrolled in these schools. About 10,000 are in the elementary grades and 3,000 in the high-school grades. All schools are under the general supervision of the State. Their curricula must be approved by the State department of education and their teachers must possess legal certificates granted by the State board of education. Twenty-eight private high schools are accredited by the State board of education. Pupils from these high schools have their credits accepted in transferring to accredited public high schools and their graduates may enter the State university, the State college, or the State normal schools without examination. Large numbers of the teachers receive advanced training in the normal schools, the State college, or the State university.

Chapter XVIII

Auxiliary Agencies

1. Teachers' Organizations

Only 7 years after the Territory of Washington was organized, that is, in 1860, a teacher correspondent of the Pioneer and Democrat of Olympia suggested a "teachers' association" to "promote the efficiency of our schools by consultation, the interchange of views, and a concert of action." The correspondent added that the teachers needed to digest rules and regulations, use a uniform system of textbooks, and to do away with the system of "rigid castigation", which was then in force.1

First Territorial convention.-The first Territorial convention was called by D. R. Bigelow, superintendent of Thurston County, at the request of several superintendents, "for the purpose of agreeing upon a uniform system of school books for the Territory, and to consider other educational questions". It was held January 4, 1868, at Olympia. This convention adopted and recommended a series of textbooks for the schools of the Territory, and enunciated a principle that has found expression in the schools of Washington throughout its entire history, namely, that of making changes in the school system when such changes would make for a more efficient school system. With reference to new books they said:

When it is well established that a new book is a valuable and decided improvement, it is just as wise to use it as it is for a farmer or a mechanic to use improved machinery in their vocations.2

A second convention met on January 4, 1869, again at Olympia, called by Mr. Bigelow. At this meeting an organization was per fected by the election of J. N. Gale, as chairman, and A. W. Moore, secretary. The chief item of business was that of textbook selection. Addresses were delivered by C. A. Huntington, F. W. Brown, E. C. Axtell, D. R. Bigelow, and others.3 These efforts on the part

1 Pioneer and Democrat, Dec. 28, 1860.

Report of Supt. D. R. Bigelow, The Weekly Echo, Olympia, Dec. 10, 1868.

The Weekly Echo, Olympia, Jan. 7, 1869.

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