5. Joint and union high schools.

6. Establishment of kindergartens as part of the school system.

7. Unification of all educational institutions of the state under one administration.

The Washington State Teachers' Association initiated and recommended that 2,000 days' attendance be credited to every district and that the State levy be raised from $8 to $10 per capita. Both these provisions were enacted into law. The legislative committee reported at the nineteenth meeting that they had been successful in securing laws providing an assistant State superintendent of public instruction, the increase in the age of applicants for certificates from 17 to 18, the establishment of juvenile courts, the requirement of cities to have schools for defective children, a minimum school term of 6 months, and the requirement that all school districts levy a tax of 3 mills to participate in the State apportionment.1

In 1904 the name of the association was changed to Washington Education Association, the title which it now retains. A detailed history of the activities of the association in its later years is not possible in brief space. The history of school legislation in Washington is interwoven with the history of this teachers' organization. Again in 1920 the association was reorganized. Since that date it has been a more efficient working body.

The association was active in placing on the statute books of Washington, the 20-10 law of 1920, the State teacher-retirement fund law of 1923, the law providing for higher certificates of teachers, and numerous other statutes providing for better and more efficient schools. A list of all meetings of the association is shown in the following table:

TABLE 55.-Calendar of conventions-Washington Education Association

TABLE 55.-Calendar of conventions-Washington Education Association-Continued

During the last few years the annual meetings have been divided into regional meetings combined with the county institutes. Eight regional meetings are now held. The annual business session of the association is made up of a delegate assembly whose members are chosen by various local county and city organizations. In the interim between annual meetings the business of the association is managed by an executive committee. A full-time secretary is employed. He is editor of the Washington Education Journal, the official organ of the association. Unfortunately no complete proceedings of the association are published. The funds of the association amounting to about $30,000 annually are absorbed in the publication of the journal, Fireworks for the annual meeting, and office "overhead".

Puget Sound Schoolmasters' Club.-An organization of extended influence known as "the Puget Sound Schoolmasters' Club" was launched by an announcement in the October 1890, Northwest Journal of Education. A number of schoolmen met in the Central

School, Seattle, November 22 of that year. O. S. Jones was elected president. B.W. Brintnall, J. W. Heston, and F. J. Browne were appointed as a committee on constitution. Their report was accepted and organization was perfected by the adoption of a constitution. The object of the club as outlined by the constitution was the discussion of matters limited to school management, discipline, and methods. Membership embraced all schoolmen from public schools, private schools, academies, and the State university. The attendance has been almost entirely limited to the Puget Sound vicinity.15

This has been a live organization for more than 40 years, and has served as a clearing house for the interchange of experiences and ideas throughout its long history. There has been some controversy regarding the beginning of the organization and its early personnel. The following table 16 gives the facts:

TABLE 56.-Early meetings of the Puget Sound Schoolmasters' Club

During the last two decades two meetings annually have been held, one in the fall at Tacoma, one in the spring at Seattle. During this period the meetings have been purely social and inspirational. No matters looking toward legislation have been considered.

County teachers' institutes.-County institutes followed the lead set by the Territorial institutes; they were made compulsory by the law of 1877, in those counties having more than 10 districts. This law was subsequently modified in 1881, which did not require them of county superintendents. Again in 1883 they were made compulsory. Their function was largely for the raising of teachers' standards and grew into normal institutes.

What was said to have been the first normal institute ever held in the Territory was the 10-day session of the King County Teachers'

Normal Institute held at Seattle in July 1885. This was called by O. S. Jones, and was referred to as the "Teachers' Normal School of King County." Other counties followed this lead.

In addition to these legal meetings there was a great tendency on the part of teachers to organize into county or district associations. At the beginning of statehood there were a number of these, among which were county associations in Chehalis, Whatcom, Whitman, Garfield, Spokane, Walla Walla, and Pierce Counties. Also there was an organization known as "the Bellingham Bay Teachers' Association." The county teachers' institutes in Washington, as in most States, have not been very successful. At first they were designed to provide teacher training. As normal schools and university departments of education have been established the necessity for institutes has been eliminated. Much money has been spent on an institution which functions badly and is unnecessary in its present form.17

Inland Empire Teachers' Association.-While the Inland Empire Teachers' Association includes the northwest States of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana it is in a sense more definitely a Washington organization than of any other State. The annual meetings are always held in Spokane and the attendance from Washington greatly exceeds that from any other State. The presidents are elected in rotation from the four States mentioned.

The Northwest Association of Secondary and Higher Schools is a division of the Inland Empire Teachers' Association. Through this organization more has been accomplished in raising standards of accreditation of high schools and colleges than through any other agency in the several States. The standards for accreditation are those formulated by the American Council on Education and are higher than in the individual State departments. At present the accreditation includes many individual schools in Utah, Nevada, California, Canada, and Alaska. The association has complete reciprocity with the North Central Association of Secondary Schools and Colleges.

Below is given a list of the presidents of the Inland Empire Teachers' Association from 1914 to the present.

17 See Bolton and Bibb. Should the County Institute Be Abandoned? The Nation's Schools, 4; 51-54, April 1930.

TABLE 57.-Presidents of the Inland Empire Teachers' Association, 1914-33

1 H. D. Sheldon declined to serve and A. H. Upham, vice president, served.
F. J. Kelly resigned his position at Idaho and Payne Templeton, vice president, acted for the term.

2. Educational Publications

The School Journal.-The first educational journal in Washington was published by Frank M. McCully, at Dayton. The initial number appeared in April 1884, and was called The School Journal. It sur vived for more than 1 year. It contained news items of the schools and editorials which were aimed to promote a better school system. McCully published another journal known as the Northwest School Journal, first issued at Ellensburg in July 1898. This publication continued for 5 years, when it was sold to B. W. Brintnall, publisher of The Northwest Journal of Education.

The Northwest Teacher.-The second educational publication was The Northwest Teacher, published at Olympia by F. E. Follansbee, for about 4 years from 1886 to 1890. This was the only educational paper in the Territory at the time. John C. Lawrence, superintendent of public instruction, 1886-88, called attention to this paper in his biennial report, urging teachers to subscribe for it. The Northwest Teacher was purchased by and combined with The Washington Journal of Education in 1890.

The Northwest Journal of Education.-This paper was established by P. C. Richardson about September 1889. The first issue was distrib uted at the second meeting of the Washington State Teachers' Asso ciation which convened at Ellensburg in January 1890. Richardson