examination in philosophy which is the same for all faculties (see p. 12), and an examination in Hebrew which requires about 1 year of preparation and is taken ordinarily at the same time as the general examination in philosophy.

Den teologiske Embedseksamen (professional examination in theology).-Preparation for the Embedseksamen in theology includes the following listed subjects:

(a) Old Testament.

Exegesis (Genesis; Psalms; Prophets; historical literature excluding Genesis and poetical literature excluding Psalms, but including in the former, Daniel, and in the latter, Proverbs, Job, Song of Solomon, Lamentations, and Ecclesiastes.

Minor subjects (Introduction to the Old Testament, history of Israel, theology of the Old Testament, and the optional nonexamination subjects, geography of Palestine, and Hebrew archæology.

(b) New Testament.

Introduction to the New Testament, hermeneutics, and the nonexamination subjects, history of the period of the New Testament, and theology of the New Testament.

(c) Dogmatics and church history.

A brief survey consisting of a 2-semester course of 3 hours of instruction per week, or a more thorough survey consisting of a 4-semester course of 3 hours of instruction per week. (d) Dogmatics and symbolism.

(e) Moral and religious philosophy.

Christian morality, and philosophy of religion.

Ordinarily the student devotes the first 3 or 3%1⁄2 years of study in theology to the historical subjects, Old Testament, New Testament, and church history. He then takes up the systematic subjects and normally devotes the fourth year to a thorough study of the systematic subjects and to a review of the historical subjects. Laboratory exercises in the historical subjects may begin during the second year and in the systematic subjects during the third year. The written exercises in theology generally come during the fifth year.

A student who wishes to take advantage of the opportunity to participate in exercises at Pastoralseminariet (the Pastoral Seminary) is advised to do so during his fourth year of study.

The written part of the examination in theology consists of six themes or propositions, one in each of the main subjects of the examination and one either in hermeneutics or in introduction to the New Testament. The proposition in the New Testament is to be exegetical, that in the Old Testament either

exegetical or else pertain to one of the subjects included in the study of the Old Testament.

In any one of the subjects of the examination the student may present for evaluation in connection with the examination a laboratory theme prepared as the result of practical work under the direction of an instructor who is also regularly an examiner at the professional examinations of the faculty. The laboratory theme is to be handed in with the approval of the instructor concerned at least 6 months before the time. of the examination.

In connection with his oral examination the student, if he wishes, may specify and eventually be examined in a special phase of one of the subjects of the examination in which he has done supplementary reading provided the designated phase has been approved by the faculty with reference to subject matter and content.

The Embedseksamen in theology may be taken in two parts. with an intervening period of not more than one-half year. When this is the case, part I of the examination includes exegesis of the Old and New Testament, church history, and the minor subjects belonging to each of these; part II the remaining subjects.

The marks used in grading this examination are:

Laudabilis et quidem egregie—Attained if at least 3 of the 5 Special-
karakterer (special or subject marks) are of this designation and
each of the remaining 2 marks at least laudabilis.
Laudabilis-Attained if at least 3 of the subject marks are lauda-
bilis and 2 not less than haud illaudabilis primi gradus, or if 4 of
the marks are laudabilis and 1 is haud illaudabilis secundi gradus.
In either case haud illaudabilis may be received in exegesis of
the New Testament or in dogmatics only.
Haud illaudabilis primi gradus-Attained if 3 of the subject marks
are haud illaudabilis primi gradus and neither of the other 2
marks less than haud illaudabilis secundi gradus, however, if
haud illaudabilis secundi gradus is received in exegesis of the
New Testament or in dogmatics it is necessary to receive lauda-
bilis in 2 of the other subjects. This mark may be attained also
with 3 haud illaudabilis secundi gradus when the other 2 marks
are laudabilis and 1 of them is in exegesis of the New Testament
or in dogmatics.

Haud illaudabilis secundi gradus-Requires at least 4 haud illaud-
abilis secundi gradus with 1 noncontemnendus, or in case of 2
noncontemnendus neither of which may be in the New Testa-
ment or in dogmatics, the 3 remaining marks must be higher
than haud illaudabilis secundi gradus.

Non contemnendus-may be used as a subject mark but not as a
Hovedkarakter (final mark) for the examination.

A student has failed to pass the examination if he should receive Nul (zero) as the mark for a subject, if he should receive noncontemnendus in exegesis of the New Testament and in dogmatics, or if he should receive in additio conteninendus in two of the other subjects of the exa.mation a haud illaudabilis secundi gradus.

A candidate in theology who has received a final mark of at least haud illaudabilis primi gradus and who has passed an examination in history of religion corresponding to the tests or examination in this subject in Christianity in the Skoleembedseksamen may attain the rights and privileges of one who has passed the Skoleembedseksamen by fulfilling the requirements of a major subject of this examination. (See p. 13.)

DOKTORGRADEN (THE DOCTORATE)

As we have seen, the doctorate may be attained at the University of Copenhagen on the basis of a thesis for the degree in each of the faculties of philosophy, mathematicsscience, law, medicine, and theology, by one who has passed with förste Karakter (first mark) a final examination offered by the faculty concerned. In addition, in the faculties of philosophy and mathematics-science the degree of doctor may be attained on the same basis by one who has passed a Magisterkonferens. It may be obtained also by Polytekniske Kandidater who have received a mark of förste Karakter. (See p. 57.)

On the recommendation of the faculty concerned, the Consistory may grant permission for the doctorate to be attained by one who through other examinations than the ones mentioned above taken either at the University of Copenhagen or at some other university or by previous scientific work has shown that he is qualified. Before making its recommendation the faculty in each case shall have received the verdict of a competent committee appointed by the faculty to investigate the qualifications of the candidate.

The Afhandling (thesis) must be written by the candidate on a self-selected subject, based on independent research, and not previously published. If a thesis is connected closely with previous articles or publications produced by the author,

the latter, if he desires, may submit a copy of such publication or publications to the faculty for consideration together with his thesis.

The thesis is to be written ordinarily in Danish but may be accompanied by a résumé in a foreign language. When ecial circumstances a faculty has granted permission foresis to be written in a foreign language, generally English, German, or French, the thesis must be accompanied by a résumé in Danish. The faculty may require also a statement from one competent to judge that the language used is satisfactory.

After the thesis on the written recommendation of a carefully selected committee has been approved and accepted by a faculty as worthy of public defense it is to be printed and made public by the author at least 14 days before the defense.

For the public defense two of the members of the thesis committee of which at least one must be a member of the faculty concerned are appointed as official opponents. Academic citizens and Polytekniske Kandidater have the right to oppose ex auditorio and the faculty on request may grant the right to others. Opponents ex auditorio should make arrangements with the chairman before the opening of the defense. Permission may be granted by the chairman to those who apply later but not at the expense of the time of those who made arrangements earlier.

The defense is conducted by the dean or by a professor appointed by the faculty concerned. Each of the official opponents is allowed, generally, 11⁄2 hours and each of the opponents ex auditorio three-fourths of an hour including the time required for answer by the candidate. If the number of opponents permits, the chairman may extend the time for each. The entire public defense is not to last more than 6 hours.

The purpose of the defense is not only to establish that the dissertation is the candidate's own work but also to discover whether or not he possesses the scientific and scholastic foundations which the doctorate presupposes.

After the official opponents have reported to the faculty as to whether or not the defense has been a success the faculty renders its decision as to whether or not the degree shall be conferred.

With the approval of the Consistory a faculty may confer an honorary degree of doctor upon one whom it wishes to honor because of distinguished achievement.

UNIVERSITETSUNDERVISNINGEN I JYLLAND (UNIVERSITY INSTRUCTION IN JUTLAND)

The movement for the establishment of a university in Jutland which began about 1880, culminated by the royal regulation of August 8, 1928, in the beginnings of a university by the establishment at Aarhus of Universitetsundervisningen i Jylland. The school is supported in part by the National Government and in part by the Corporation of Aarhus. Its work is under the control of the Ministry of Education acting on the advice of the University of Copenhagen. The local administration is in charge of the Laererforsamling (faculty council) composed of the permanent instructors of the institution.

With the exception of the general examination in philosophy (see p. 12) Universitetsundervisningen i Jylland does not yet have the right of examination but in addition to the instruction in preparation for the general examination in philosophy it offers training leading toward the Skoleembedseksamen and toward the Magisterkonferens in the faculty of philosophy in Danish, German, English, French, classical philology, and history. Training is offered also for the preliminary examination in Greek and the supplementary examination in Hebrew for students in theology but the examinations themselves as in the case of the subjects just mentioned are taken at the University of Copenhagen. There is instruction also in Slavonic philology and at intervals courses have been offered in Flemish, Provençal, and Spanish.

Instruction at Universitetsundervisningen i Jylland is governed by the same regulations as the corresponding instruction at the University of Copenhagen and one who has passed the general examination in philosophy offered at Aarhus has the same rights and privileges in every respect as one who has passed this examination at the University of Copenhagen.

During 1933, the school looked forward to the opening in September of a building of its own and to the beginning of instruction preparatory to the preliminary examination in medicine.