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Vid. Gr.

"ceive them without the consent of the ancient Bishop of A. D. 397. "the diocese;" "and the new Bishop' ought not to make any can. 46. "encroachment on the diocese, which remains to the Mother can. 56. "Church." It appears by the text of these Canons', that can. 42. when new Bishoprics were to be erected, application was [3 Bingh. made to the Bishop of Carthage. "Those Bishops who, having §3.1 "by unjustifiable' ways gained the affections of the people, can. 43. attempt to make a party, refuse to come to the Council, "and treat their brethren with contempt, shall be ejected even "from their own Churches, by the secular power."

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"The

bk. 2. 12.

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can. 26.

cerdotum ;

summus

Bishop of the principal see shall not be styled Prince of [3 primæ] "the Priests, nor Chief Priest', nor be distinguished by any [prin"such title, but only by that of Bishop of the principal see." cipes Sa This Canon is not in order to retrench the power, but only the ambitious titles of the principal Bishops; and hence perhaps is derived the name of Primate, assumed by the first 2. 2. § 6, 8. Bishops in each province of Africa®.

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Sacerdos]

[$ Bingh.

and 2. 16.

$ 5.]

XXV. On eccle

9 can. 7.

sale anni

As to the ecclesiastical judgments; "Whoever accuses a Bishop must bring his cause before the Primate of the siastical "province; and the person accused is not to be suspended judgments. "from the Communion, unless upon a citation from the Pri"mate, he refuses to appear within a month from the day of "receiving his letters. If he have a lawful excuse, he shall "be allowed another month; after which he shall not be ad"mitted to communion, till he has cleared himself. If he "do not come to the general' yearly Council, he shall be ['univer "esteemed self-condemned; and as long as he continues versarium] "under the sentence of excommunication, he shall not com"municate even with his own people. If the accuser any "time absent himself while the cause is pending, he shall be "excommunicated, and the accused Bishop restored. The accuser shall not be admitted, unless he be a person of "unblameable character"." "The same form shall be ob- [2 Supr. "served, and the same respite granted in the trial of a Priest 8.] "or Deacon; but they shall be judged by their own Bishop, "assisted by those of his neighbourhood. When a Priest is "accused, the Bishop shall call five to his assistance, and two "when a Deacon'. Other persons he shall judge by himself." [ Bingh. 2. 3. § 9.] "A Bishop, a Priest, or other Clerk, who being prosecuted in 5 can. 9. "the Church, has recourse to secular judges, if it be in a

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bk. 18. ch.

can. 8.

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can. 23.

[ Bingh. bk. 2. 4. $ 5.]

4 can. 37.

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A. D. 397. "criminal cause, shall be deposed, though he may have been "acquitted; if in a civil cause he shall forfeit what may have "been awarded to him, if he will remain among the Clergy, "for the affront he has offered the Church, by shewing mis1 can. 10. "trust in her judgment." "If the sentence' of an ecclesi"astical judge have been, upon an appeal, reversed by supe"rior ecclesiastical judges, he shall not be called in question, "unless he be convicted of enmity or partiality. There is no appeal from judges chosen by consent of the parties." "Bishops are forbidden to go beyond sea without the "leave and formal letter of the Bishop of the first see of every province; who is likewise to direct letters from the "Council to the Bishops across the sea." “Clerks' are not "to make a stay in any city but that of their residence; "unless for reasons approved by the Bishop, or the Priests of "the place." "Bishops, Priests, and other Clerks, may not "be contractors, nor men of business; nor gain a livelihood "by any mean traffic;" nor receive in payment more than "they have lent." They are not to bestow, by donation "or testament, any thing to those who are not Catholic "Christians, although they may be their own relations. "They who, possessing nothing at the time of their ordina"tion, do afterwards acquire estates in their own name, shall [Domini- "be reputed usurpers of the sacred' treasure, if they refuse carum] "to give them to the Church: but if they become possessed "of any property by gift or inheritance, they may dispose of "it as they like." "The children of Bishops or Clerks', are "not to be concerned in exhibiting any profane' shows, or

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can. 13.

can. 49.

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even be present at them, from which also the rest of the "laity are excluded. They are not to marry with pagans, "heretics, or schismatics." "Their fathers', whether Bishops or Clerks, ought not to leave them to themselves", till they are well assured of their morals." "None are to be or"dained Bishops, Priests, or Deacons, till they have brought "over all their family to be Catholic Christians."

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"No strange' woman ought to live with any Clerk'; only "his mother, grandmother, aunts, sisters, or nieces, or those "of their family who lived with them before their ordination; "and the wives of their sons who have married since, or of "their slaves." "Readers, when they come to marriageable

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21. Hard.]
can. 19.
[Bingh.
2. § 12.]

3 can. 25.

6.

5 can. 27.

"years', shall be obliged to marry, or profess continence." A. D. 397. "Clerks, and such as profess continence, shall not visit virgins or widows', unless by order of the Bishop or Priest, "and in the company of such as the same shall appoint to "be present. Bishops or Priests themselves shall not visit "such, but in the presence of Clerks, or some other grave "Christians." "Clerks shall not enter houses of public en"tertainment to eat or drink, unless in cases of necessity on [ tabernas] a journey." Virgins shall not be consecrated till the [ Bingh. age of twenty-five years"." "Such as shall have lost 18 can. 4. "their parents shall be placed by the Bishop in a monastery bk. 19. ch. "of virgins, or under the care of some grave women." see here two sorts of virgins; one, living in communities; and the other, in private houses.

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6. 4. § 14.]

[Supra,

22. note g.] 1 can. 33.

"Sick persons', who cannot answer for themselves, shall can. 34. "be baptized upon the testimony of those that attend them." "The Bishop shall regulate the time of penance."

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"Priest' shall not absolve the penitent without the direction can. 32. "of the Bishop, or in his absence, only in cases of necessity. "For notorious sins, absolution shall be given by the im"position of hands before the Apsise," that is, the Sanctuary. "Neither Baptism nor Penance' shall be refused to those "that belong to the theatre, nor to apostates converted." "The Catechumens shall not, even on the most solemn days ciliatio] "of Easter, receive any other [sacrament] than the usual Vid. Albaspin. [p. "salt';" for salt was frequently given to the Catechumens 438, &c. during the time of their preparation for Baptism, with a view to the reception of the Eucharist. "The Eucharist shall not be can. 6. "administered to dead bodies'." "6 Nothing shall be offered [ Supr. "for the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of our SAVIOUR, 41. note b.] "but what He hath ordained, that is, bread, and wine mixed ca. 24. "with water g." "The Sacrament' of the Altar shall be cele

Du Cange has observed out of St. Paulinus of Nola, that the porches and gates into the church are sometimes called Apsides, from the manner of their structure, which was archwork, for apsis denotes any thing that is framed in the figure of an arch or a convex, as the heavens; and therefore he thinks this Canon to be understood of this place, before the apsis, i. e. before the porch or doors of the church.

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2

Bingham, 8. 4. § 1. See also § 9.

f"That which the Catechumens re"ceive, though it be not the Body of "CHRIST, is yet an holy thing, because "it is a Sacrament." S. Aug. ap. Bingh. 10. 2. § 16. This sacrament was not any part of the oblations, out of which anciently the Eucharist itself was taken, but only a little taste of salt. See supra, bk. 18. ch. 48. note t.

The following passages from Hey

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[Supra,
bk. 19. ch.
2. note a.]
2 can. 30.
[ Bingh.
8. 10. $1.
8. 11. 12.
Vid. supr.
c. 11.]

A. D. 397. "brated fasting, except on the anniversary of the Supper of "the LORD': and when a funeral is solemnized after dining, "there shall be prayers only." "Feasting in the churches "shall be hindered as much as possible." "At the Altar' prayer shall be always addressed to the Father; and whoever shall copy out prayers from any source, may not make use of them before they have communicated them to persons of the best information." At the end of this Council there is a catalogue of the Holy Scriptures, exactly agreeing with that which is in use with us at this day".

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can. 47.

XXVII. St. Chry

Bishop of

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Nectarius, Bishop of Constantinople, died soon after this sostom, Council of Carthage. He had governed this Church sixteen Constanti- years, and died on the fifth of the calends of October, in the nople. Consulship of Cæsarius and Atticus, that is, on the twenty[A.D.398.] Soc. 6. 2. seventh of September, A. D. 397. Some time was spent in Soz. 8. 2. deliberating upon the choice of a successor; several were

de Vit. S.

p.

proposed, and some Priests offered themselves, crowding at the gate of the palace, offering presents, and even falling on their knees before the people, who were so scandalized at it, that they earnestly besought the Emperor to look for some 'Pall. Dial. person worthy the sacerdotal office'. The eunuch, Eutropius, Chrys. who governed the Emperor Arcadius, had been acquainted 42. [ap. with the merit of St. John Chrysostom, in a journey which Bened.tom. he had made into the East in the Emperor's service, and his 13. p. 17.] reputation was great throughout the empire; he was therefore elected Bishop of Constantinople by the unanimous consent of the people and Clergy, and with the approbation of the Emperor. But it was so notorious how well he was

S. Chrys.

lyn's Life of Abp. Laud, are interesting
in reference to this point. When Prince
Charles went to Spain A.D. 1622, "that
"there might appear a face of the
"Church of England in the outward
"forms of worship also, his Majesty

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was pleased, by the advice of the Bishops then about him (of which "Laud was one) to give the said Chap"lains, Maw and Wren, these instruc"tions following;" seven instructions follow, of which the fourth is in these words; "That the Communion be cele"brated in due form, with an oblation "of every Communicant, and admixing "Water with the Wine: the Commu"nion to be as often used as it shall

please the Prince to set down; smooth

"wafers [customarily used in Hooker's "time, Eccl. Pol. bk. 4. ch. 6, 10, 11.] "to be used for the Bread."

The

In this Catalogue are found the following books as Canonical: Five Books of Solomon (Ecclesiasticus being reckoned among them), Tobit, Judith, and the two Books of Maccabees. (See supra, bk. 19. ch. 26. note x). Apocrypha is not included in the Canon by St. Cyril or the Council of Laodicea. By this Council the word Canonical is according to Bingham (bk. 14. ch. 3. § 16), "taken in a large sense, for such "books as were in the rule, or canon, or catalogue of books authorized to be "read in the Church."

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Supra,

bk. 19. ch.7.

beloved' at Antioch, where he had officiated as Priest for A. D. 398. twelve years, and how ready the people of that city were raise commotions, that Eutropius caused the Emperor to write to Asterius, Count of the East, with orders to send him away without noise. The Count having received the Emperor's letter, desired John to meet him, on pretence of some business, at a church' near the Roman gate. Here taking [ à paphim into his chariot, he drove with speed to a place called Túpia] Bagras, where he placed him in the hands of an eunuch and an officer sent to conduct him to Constantinople.

μαρ

bk. 16. ch.

That his ordination might be performed with the greater solemnity, the Emperor had called a Council, and sent to Theophilus of Alexandria to be present, as being the Bishop of the first see in his empire. Theophilus wished to have the Priest Isidore made Bishop of Constantinople, who had a Supra, long time led a monastic life in the desert of Scetis, and was 36. then governor of the Hospital at Alexandria. Besides his great merit, it was said, that Theophilus had great obligations to him, on account of his dexterous conduct in an affair of a very delicate nature. It is reported, that in the war of the tyrant Maximus, Theophilus had entrusted Isidore with letters and presents for the two competitors, viz. the Emperor Theodosius and Maximus, bidding him go to Rome, and await the event of the war, and to present the letters and gifts to the conqueror; and that Isidore executed his commission, but being discovered, was obliged to escape to Alexandria. These are the means, it is said, by which he gained the confidence of Theophilus. When St. John Chrysostom came to Constantinople, Theophilus, who had the art of finding out the tempers of men by their physiognomy, was surprised at the undauntedness and resolution that appeared in his looks, and therefore was the more unwilling to consent to his ordination; but at length he was induced to agree to it. Eutropius shewed him several memorials, presented to the Bishops against him; and told him, that he must either make his defence against these accusations, or submit to the wish of the other Bishops. Upon this he yielded, and ordained John, who was thus constituted' Bishop of Constan- [ xeptinople, on the twenty-sixth of February, under the fourth Toners Consulship of Honorius with Eutychianus, that is, A.D. 398. Serai]

τονηθεὶς

ἐνθρον

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