ACHOMIUS, St., number of his
ii. 73. His participation in the PAC
Albigensian massacres, 95
Novatians, their tenets, ii. 102
Numa, legend of his prohibition of
idols, i. 166, note
ATH, sanctity of an, among the
Romans, i. 168
Obedience, new value placed on it
by monachism, ii. 185, 186, 269
Obligation, nature of, i. 64, 65
Ockham, his opinion of the founda-
tion of the moral law, i. 17, and
note
Odin, his suicide, ii. 53
O'Neale, Shane, his charity, ii. 96
Opinion, influence of character on,
i. 171, 172
Oracles, refuted and ridiculed by
Cicero, i. 165. Plutarch's defence
of their bad poetry, 165, note.
Refusal of Cato and the Stoics to
consult them, 165. Ridiculed by
the Roman wits, 166. Answer
of the oracle of Delphi as to the
best religion, 167. Theory of the
oracles in the De Divinatione'
of Cicero, 368, and note. Van
Dale's denial of their supernatural
character, 374. Books of oracles
burnt under the republic and
empire, 447, and note
Origen, his desire for martyrdom, i.
391
Orphanotrophia, in the early Church,
ii. 32
Otho, the Emperor, his suicide, i.
219. Opinion of his contempo-
raries of his act, 219, note
Ovid, object of his Metamorphoses,'
i. 166. His condemnation of
suicide, 213, and note. His hu-
manity to animals, ii. 165
Oxen, laws for the protection of, ii.
Oxyrinchus, ascetic life in the city
of, ii. 105
Pætus and Arria, history of, ii. 310
Pagan religions, their feeble influ-
ence on morals, i. 161
Pagan virtues, the, compared with
Christian, i. 190
Paiderastia, the, of the Greeks, ii.
294
Pain, equivalent to evil, according
to the Utilitarians, i. 8, note
Palestine, foundation of monachism
in, ii. 106. Becomes a hot-bed of
debauchery, 152
Paley, on the obligation of virtue, i.
14, note. On the difference be-
tween an act of prudence and an
act of duty, 16, note. On the
love we ought to bear to God, 18,
note. On the religious sanctions
of morality, 19. On the doctrine
of association, 25, note. On flesh
diet, 49, note. On the influence
of health on happiness, 88, note.
On the difference in pleasures, 90,
Pambos, St., story of, ii. 116, note
Pammachus, St., his hospital, ii. 80
Panatius, the founder of the Roman
Stoics, his disbelief in the immor-
tality of the soul, i. 183
Pandars, punishment of, ii. 316
Parents, reason why some savages
did not regard their murder as
criminal, i. 101
Parthenon, the, at Athens, i. 105
Pascal, his advocacy of piety as a
matter of prudence, i. 17, note.
His adherence to the opinion of
Ockham as to the foundation of
the moral law, 17, note. His
thought on the humiliation created
by deriving pleasure from certain
amusements, i. 86, note
Patriotism, period when it flourished,
i. 136. Peculiar characteristic of
the virtue, 177, 178. Causes of
the predominance occasionally ac-
corded to civic virtues, 200. Neg-
lect or discredit into which they
have fallen among modern teach-
ers, 201. Cicero's remarks on the
duty of every good man, 201.
Unfortunate relations of Chris-
tianity to patriotism, ii. 140. Re-
pugnance of the theological to
the patriotic spirit, 145
Paul, St., his definition of conscience,
i. 83
Paul, the hermit, his flight to the
desert, ii. 102. Legend of the
visit of St. Antony to him, 158
Paul, St. Vincent de, his foundling
hospitals, ii. 34
Paula, story of her asceticism and
inhumanity, ii. 133, 134
Paulina, her devotion to her hus-
band, ii. 310
Pelagia, St., her suicide, ii. 46.
Her flight to the desert, 121, and
note
Pelican, legend of the, ii. 161
Penances of the saints of the desert,
ii. 107, et seq.
Penitential system, the, of the early
church, ii. 6, 7
Pepin, his compact with Pope Leo,
ii. 267
Peregrinus the Cynic, his suicide, i.
220
Pericles, his humanity, i. 228
Perpetua, St., her martyrdom, i.
391, 444; ii. 317
Persecutions, Catholic doctrines jus-
tifying, i. 98. Why Christianity
was not crushed by them, 395.
Many causes of persecution, 395-
397. Reasons why the Christians
were more persecuted than the
Jews, 403, 406, 407. Causes of
the persecutions, 406, et seq. His-
tory of the persecutions, 429.
Nero, 429. Domitian, 431. Tra-
jan, 437. Marcus Aurelius, 439,
440. From M. Aurelius to
Decius, 442, et seq. Gallus, 454.
Valerian, 454. Diocletian and
Galerius, 458-463. End of the
persecutions, 463. General con-
siderations on their history, 463-
468
Petronian law, in favour of slaves,
i. 307
Petronius, his scepticism, i. 162.
His suicide, 215. His condemna-
tion of the show of the arena, 286
Philip the Arab, his favour to Chris-
tianity, i. 445
Philosophers, efforts of some, to
restore the moral influence of
religion among the Romans, i.
169. The true moral teachers,
171
Philosophical truth, characteristics
of, i. 139, 140. Its growth re-
tarded by the opposition of theo-
logians, 140
Philosophy, causes of the practical
character of most ancient, i. 202.
Its fusion with religion, 352.
Opinions of the early Church con-
cerning the pagan writings, 332.
Difference between the moral
teaching of a philosophy and that
of a religion, ii. 1. Its impotency
to restrain vice, 4
Phocas, attitude of the Church to-
wards him, ii. 263
Phocion, his gentleness, i. 228
Physical science affects the belief in
miracles, i. 354, 355
Piety, utilitarian view of the causes
of the pleasures and pains of, i. 9,
and note. A matter of prudence,
according to theological Utilita-
rianism, 16
Pilate, Pontius, story of his desire
to enrol Christ among the Roman
gods, i. 429
Pilgrimages, evils of, ii. 152
Pior, St., story of, ii. 129
Pirates, destruction of, by Pompey,
i. 234
Pity, a form of self-love, according
to some Utilitarians, i. 9, 10, note.
Adam Smith's, theory, 10, note.
Seneca's distinction between it
and clemency, 189. Altar to
Pity at Athens, 228. History of
Marcus Aurelius' altar to Benefi-
centia at Rome, 228, note
Plato, his admission of the practice
of abortion, i. 92. Basis of his
moral system, 105. Cause of the
banishment of the poets from his
republic, 161, 162. His theory
that vice is to virtue what disease
is to health, 179, and note. Rea-
son for his advocacy of community
of wives, 200. His condemnation
of suicide, 212, and note. His re-
marks on universal brotherhood,
241. His inculcation of the prac-
tice of self-examination, 248
Platonic school, its ideal, i. 322
Platonists, their more or less pan-
theistic conception of the Deity,
i. 163. Practical nature of their
philosophy, 329. The Platonic
ethics ascendant in Rome, 331
Pleasure the only good, according to
the Utilitarians, i. 7. Illustra-
tions of the distinction between
the higher and lower parts of our
nature in our pleasures, 83-85.
Pleasures of a civilised compared
with those of a semi-civilised
society, 86. Comparison of men-
tal and physical pleasures, 87,
88. Distinction in kind of plea-
sure, and its importance in morals,
89-91. Neglected or denied by
Utilitarian writers, 89, note
Pliny, the elder, on the probable
happiness of the lower animals,
i. 87, note. On the Deity, 164.
On astrology, 171, and note, 164,
note. His disbelief in the im-
mortality of the soul, 182. His
advocacy of suicide, 215. Never
mentions Christianity, 336. His
opinion of earthquakes, 369. And
of comets, 369. His facility of
belief, 370. His denunciation of
finger rings, ii. 148
Pliny, the younger, his desire for
posthumous reputation. i. 185,
note. His picture of the ideal of
Stoicism, 186. His letter to
Trajan respecting the Christians,
437. His benevolence, 242; ii. 77
Plotinus, his condemnation of sui-
cide, i. 214. His philosophy,
330
Plutarch, his defence of the bad
poetry of the oracles, 165, note.
His mode of moral teaching, 175.
Basis of his belief in the immor-
tality of the soul, 204. On super-
stitious fear of death, 206. His
letter on the death of his little
daughter, 242. May justly be re-
garded as the leader of the eclectic
school, 243. His philosophy and
works compared with those of
Seneca, 243. His treatise on
'The Signs of Moral Progress,'
249. Compared and contrasted
with Marcus Aurelius, 253. How
he regarded the games of the
arena, 286. His defence of the
ancient creeds, 322. Practical
nature of his philosophy, 329.
Never mentions Christianity, 336.
His remarks on the domestic
system of the ancients, 419.
kindness to animals, ii. 165, 166.
His picture of Greek married
life, 289
Pluto, meaning of, according to the
Stoics, i. 163
Po, miracle of the subsidence of the
waters of the, i. 382, note
Poemen, St., story of, and of his
mother, ii. 129. Legend of him
and the lion, 169
Political economy, what it has ac-
complished respecting almsgiving,
ii. 90
Political judgments, moral standard
of most men in, lower than in
private judgments, i. 151
Political truth, or habit of 'fair
play,' the characteristic of free
communities, i. 139. Highly
civilised form of society to which
it belongs, 139. Its growth re-
tarded by the opposition of theo-
logians, 140
Polybius, his praise of the devotion
and purity of creed of the Romans,
i. 167
Polycarp, St., martyrdom of, i. 441
Polygamy, long continuance of,
among the kings of Gaul, ii. 343
Pompeii, gladiatorial shows at, i.
276, note
Pompey, his destruction of the
pirates, i. 234. His multiplica-
tion of gladiatorial shows, 273
Poor-law system, elaboration of the,
ii. 96. Its pernicious results, 97,
99, 105
Poppæa, Empress, a Jewish prose-
lyte, i. 386
Porcia, heroism of, ii. 309
Porphyry, his condemnation of sui-
cides, i. 214. His description of
philosophy, i. 326. His adoption
of Neoplatonism, i. 330
Possevin, his exposure of the Sibyl-
line books, i. 377
Pothinus, martyrdom of, i. 442
Power, origin of the desire of, i. 23,
26
Praise, association of ideas leading
to the desire for even posthumous,
i. 26
Prayer, reflex influence upon the
minds of the worshippers, i. 36
Preachers, Stoic, among the Romans,
i. 308, 309
Pride, contrasted with vanity, i. 195.
The leading moral agent of Stoi-
cism, i. 195
Prometheus, cause of the admiration
bestowed upon, i. 35
Prophecies, incapacity of the Chris-
tians of the third century for
judging prophecies, i. 376
Prophecy, gift of, attributed to the
vestal virgins of Rome, i. 107.
And in India to virgins, 107,
note
Prosperity, some crimes conducive
to national, i. 58. Cases of Rome
and Prussia, 58, note
Prostitution, ii. 282–286. How re-
garded by the Romans, 316
Protagoras, his scepticism, i. 162
Protasius, St., miraculous discovery
of his remains, i. 379
Prudentius, on the vestal virgins at
the gladiatorial shows, i. 291
Purgatory, doctrine of, ii. 232-235
Pythagoras, saying of, i. 53. Chastity
the leading virtue of his school,
106. On the fables of Hesiod
and Homer, 161. His belief in
an all-pervading soul of nature,
162. His condemnation of sui-
cide, 212. Tradition of his jour-
ney to India, 229, note. His in-
culcation of the practice of self-
examination, 248. His opinion
of earthquakes, 369. His doctrine
of kindness to animals, ii. 165
innate ideas independent of expe-
rience, 121, note
Religion, theological utilitarianism
subverts natural, i. 54-56. An-
swer of the oracle of Delphi as to
the best, 167. Difference between
the moral teaching of a philoso-
phy and that of a religion, ii. 1.
Relations between positive reli-
gion and moral enthusiasm, 141
Religions, pagan, their small influ-
ence on morals, i, 161. Oriental,
passion for, among the Romans,
318
Religious liberty totally destroyed
by the Catholics, ii. 194-199
Repentance for past sin, no place
for, in the writings of the an-
cients, i. 195
Reputation, how valued among the
Romans, i. 185, 186
Resurrection of souls, belief of the
Stoics in the, i. 164
Revenge, Utilitarian notions as to
the feeling of, i. 41, and note.
Circumstances under which pri-
vate vengeance is not regarded as
criminal, i. 101
Reverence, Utilitarian views of, i. 9,
and note. Causes of the diminu-
tion of the spirit of, among man-
kind, 141, 142
Rhetoricians, Stoical, account of the,
of Rome, i. 310
Ricci, his work on Mendicancy, ii.
Rochefoucauld La, on pity, quoted,
i. 10, note. And on friendship,
10, 11, note
Rogantianus, his passive life, i. 330
Roman law, its golden age not
Christian, but pagan, ii. 42
Romans, abortion how regarded by
the, i. 92. Their law forbidding
women to taste wine, 93, 94, note.
Reasons why they did not regard
the gladiatorial shows as criminal,
101. Their law of marriage and
ideal of female morality, 104.
Their religious reverence for do-
mesticity, 106. Sanctity of, and
gifts attributed to, their vestal
virgins, 106. Character of their
cruelty, 134. Compared with the
modern Italian character in this
respect, 134. Scepticism of their
philosophers, 162-167. The re-
ligion of the Romans never a
source of moral enthusiasm, 167.
Its characteristics, 168. Causes
of the disappearance of the reli-
gious reverence of the people,
169. Efforts of some philoso-
phers and emperors to restore the
moral influence of religion, 169.
Consummation of Roman degra-
dation, 170. Belief in astrologi-
cal fatalism, 170, 171. The
stoical type of military and pa-
triotic enthusiasm pre-eminently
Roman, 172-174, 178. Importance
of biography in their moral teach-
ing, 178. Epicureanism never
became a school of virtue
among them, 175. Unselfish love
of country of the Romans, 178.
Character of Stoicism in the worst
period of the Roman Empire, 181.
Main features of their philosophy,
185, et seq. Difference between
the Roman moralists and the
Greek poets, 195. The doctrine
of suicide the culminating point
of Roman Stoicism, 222. The
type of excellence of the Roman
people, 224, 225. Contrast be-
tween the activity of Stoicism and
the luxury of Roman society, 225,
226. Growth of a gentler and
more cosmopolitan spirit in Rome,
227. Causes of this change, 228,
et seq. Extent of Greek influence
at Rome, 228. The cosmopolitan
spirit strengthened by the de-
struction of the power of the
aristocracy, 231, 232. History
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