Alliance 3. Passionales. Flowers with a ring or crown of sterile stamens. Stipules absent. Ovary stalked Stipules absent. Ovary sessile (Crown 0.) Alliance 4. Bixales. Bixales. Polyandrous. Leaves dotted. This is connected with the Epigynous group by Passiflora, and with the Calycose by Turnera, which passes into Cistaceæ. Otherwise its 54. Bixaceæ Petioles Petioles gene external relationships are not well marked. The orders themselves are very intimately related. GROUP IV. CALYCOSE. Alliance 1. Guttales. Polyandrous. Albumen absent. Petals equal in number to the sepals. Leaves simple. Seeds few Leaves compound. Seeds few Leaves alternate. Flowers unsymmetrical. Seeds . 57. Marcgraaviaceæ. 58. Hypericaceæ Alliance 2. Theales. Polyandrous, Albumen absent. Petals unequal to the sepals in number. Alliance 3. Acerales. 59. Ternströmiaceæ Stamens definite. Flowers unsymmetrical. Petals without appendages. Fruit indehiscent, Petals having scales in front. Fruit indehiscent, Alliance 4. Cistales. Flowers regular. Stamens equal to the number of sepals 60. Aceraceae . 61. Sapindaceæ Decandrous, without stipules Many The characters of this group require careful consideration. Leaves and branches poison- Bark astringent, febrifugal Bitter, emetic, &c. Astringent (Ratanhia root). broken, so that about two of the sepals are out of the place of the others, and are, consequently, altogether external. The Calycose passes into the Parietose group by Turnera, and into the Syncarpous by Hugoniaceæ. GROUP V. SYNCARPOSE. Alliance 1. Malvales. Estivation of calyx valvate; carpels four or more. Anthers bursting by pores. Petals lacerated Stamens monadelphous. Calyx irregular and enlarged in the fruit Stamens distinct, separate from calyx Stamens distinct, growing on a tubular calyx Alliance 2. Meliales. Estivation of calyx Stamens combined into a tube. Seeds wingless 73. Elæocarpaceæ. . 74. Dipteracea 75. Tiliaceæ 76. Lythracea imbricated; carpels four or more. . 77. Meliacea 78. Cedrelaceæ Stamens somewhat monadelphous. Seeds winged Stamens growing to the calyx. Disk very large. 80. Aurantiaceæ 81. Spondiacea Alliance 3. Rhamnales. Estivation of calyx valvate; carpels fewer than four. Stamens opposite the petals Stamens alternate with the petals Anthers opening by pores. Seeds carunculate (477.) 84. Tremandraceæ. Somewhat polyandrous. Leaves succulent Secreting balsam 85. Nitrariacea 86. Burseraceæ Alliance 4. Euphorbiales. Estivation of calyx imbricated; carpels fewer than four. Flowers unisexual. Fruit tricoccous Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals united Seeds indefinite. Petals united Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals distinct Leaves compound, with common and partial stipules Petals unguiculate. Fruit winged . 90. § Hippocrateæ 91. Staphyleaceæ Alliance 5. Silenales. Embryo rolled round mealy albumen; or Sepals two tumid joints. Sepals four or five, united into a tube Sepals four or five distinct. Dehiscence of fruit loculicidal (435). Seeds hairy. 96. Tamaricacea Leaves with stipules All these orders correspond in so intimate a manner as to leave little doubt of their being correctly associated. Malvales and Meliales are the highest form of the group, Silenales the lowest; while Rham 97. Illecebraceæ nales on the one hand, and Euphorbiales on the other, form the connection. The Syncarpous group passes into Epigynosæ by Lythraceæ, and into Gynobaseosæ by Aurantiaceæ. GROUP VI. GYNOBASEOSE. Alliance 1. Rutales. Style single; (or at least the leaves dotted.) Gynobase (337. a) fleshy. Carpels distinct . 98. Ochnaceæ Tonic, stomachic. Embryo straight Ovules pendulous. Alliance 4. Flörkeales. . 106. Coriariacea 107. Surianaceæ. Bitter (Quassia). Bitter, anthelmintic (Rue). Aromatic, pungent. Carpels combined. Astringent. Pungent (Nasturtium). Fruit poisonous. Dyes black. Style simple. Fruit divided into deep lobes. This is undoubtedly a very natural group; but the student will be very likely to confound it with other groups, unless he pays great attention to its distinctions. In addition to the receptacle rising up more or less between the carpels, so as to make them diverge from each other at the base, it is to be remembered that they form only one single whorl, and do not exceed five in number. If this is neglected they may be confused with some Rosacea, Malvaceæ, &c. The group 108. Limnanthacea Pungent. is very incomplete, and may be expected to be much altered and increased before its orders are finally settled. Rutales connect this with the Syncarpous group through Luvunga |