HONORARY MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS,

LONDON.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR

LONGMA.V, REES, ORME, BROWN, GREEN & LONGMAN,

145 .275

LONDON :
Printed by A. SPOTTISWOODE,

New-Street-Square.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I.

RULES FOR TRACING THE LINE OF A NEW ROAD, P. 39.

Tracing the Line of a new Road - Surveys

Mountains, Hills, and Valleys

Rivers

Bogs and Marsh Ground

Materials — Exposure - Evaporation

39

41

53

55

57

CHAP. II.

INVESTIGATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ROAD-MAKING,

P. 61.

62

63

Strength of Roads

Application of the Principles of Moving Bodies

Collision - Friction

Hardness

Elasticity

Machine for Measuring the Power of Traction

Traction on different Kinds of Roads

Erroneous Rules

A 3

64

66

68

72

72

74
CHAP. III.

FORMING A ROAD, P. 79.

Deep Cuttings

Slopes

Wet Land

Retaining Walls

Precipices

Bed of a Road

Embankments

Slopes at which different Strata will stand

London Clay

Sandstone

Clay and Marl

Oxford Clay

Limestone Strata

Footpaths

Specification for forming a Road over a Peat

Bog

Page

80

80

80

81

81

82

83

85

85

85

85

86

87

87

91

CHAP. V.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROADS, AND MODES OF CON-

STRUCTING THEM, P. 101.

Page

101

119

144

147

Iron Railroads

Paved Roads

Road partly paved and partly made with bro-

ken Stone

Road with a Foundation of Pavement, and a

Surface of broken Stones

Road made with a Foundation of Roman Ce-

ment and Gravel, and a Surface of broken

Stones

Road with a Foundation of rubble Stone, and

a Surface of broken Stones

Road made of broken Stones

Road made with Gravel

165

O

177

178

180

CHAP. VI.

FENCES, P. 183.

183

Quick Fences

Posts and Rails

Fences in Cuttings

Fences in Embankments

Stone Fences

Cutting of Hedges