The statement that "the singular word pea was invented by some one with a turn for grammar," reminds me that a relative of mine informed me that her young children, supposing that cheese was a plural noun, owing to the final sound, were in the habit of calling a cheese a chee. UNEDA. Philadelphia.

"THE MINISTER'S WETHER" (4th S. vi. 28, 142.) This is just the English story of the "Parson's Sow" versified. The parson hears the lad singing:

"My father stole the parson's sow,

And we shall have beans and bacon now," and agrees to give him sixpence and a new coat if he will repeat the same thing after Sunday's The sermon is about theft, and the boy (instructed by his father) calls out at the end of it:

sermon.

"As I went by the parson's yard
I saw the parson kiss his maid;
He gave me sixpence not to tell,
And this new coat that fits so well."

HEBREW INSCRIPTIONS:

gasse.

P. P. JEWS' BURYINGGROUND, FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN (4th S. vi. 175.) Having been educated by an old native of Frankfort, and thus well acquainted with the Jewish local history thereof, I beg leave to state that it is a most remarkable city for the number of successful commercial men that have issued from its JudenThe houses therein were formerly only known by the sign over their doors: thus my relative had a dragon (Drachen); Rabbi Moses Mayer had a "scutcheon gules," whence the name Rothschild (Redshield); Baron de Stern's father, a star. Stiebel Brothers, Calm & Co., Schwanzschild, &c. &c. all look to those old and dark dwelling-places as their ancestral home. The late D. Jost began the "Philanthropic " school with two pupils, which soon after inAmongst the curious family names which Napoleon I. made the Jews take was the one chosen by a Dutchman whose wife was called Rose, whence he gallantly assumed the name of Rosenick (Rose and I). An investigation of this subject might throw light on the Christian medieval family names. The city of Prague has a printed book of its Jewish cemetery tenants published there a small quarto book with illustrations, which is well worth reading. Mr. Quaritch, of Piccadilly, has a German Jewish Proverb-Book on sale; so probably he or Mr. Asher, of Bedford Street, Strand, could ascertain if there be extant a printed account of the Frankfort-on-Main burial-ground.

creased to 600.

S. M. DRACH.

ENGLISH ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARIES (4th S. vi. 189, 241.)-As many of your readers know, certain members of the Philological Society and

others have been for years engaged on a new dictionary of the English tongue, which, it is believed, will go far to supplying the want MR. PICTON SO justly complains of. I fear, however, it will be many years before that work will see the light.

Why do not its editors publish at once a list of words similar to their list for the letter B, with the date of the earliest example given to each, and of the latest also in cases where the words are out of use? This might be done for a small sum, and workers would then have before them a skeleton to which they could add as new materials came in their way. ANON.

DUTCH HERALDRY (4th S. vi. 197.)-Coats resembling that which MR. BOYLE desires to have explained are not at all uncommon in Continental heraldry. To our English eyes such a coat appears to denote intermarriage, but really it is only a single original bearing, and not a compound coat formed by the impalement of two distinct ones.

The arms of Monter appear to be derived from, or a variation of, those which MR. BOYLE attributes to Sarah van Tongerloo. I have looked into Rietstap, the great Dutch herald, for these last, but find no arms attributed to the name. The family of Monter appears to have been enJ. WOODWARD. nobled only in the year 1813.

KNIGHTS OF MALTA, ETC. (4th S. vi. 197.)These and the Knights of St. John belong to the Sovereign, Military, and Religious Order of St. John of Jerusalem, commonly called Knights of Malta, and are not members of separate orders as the correspondent of The Standard supposes. There Johanniter belong exclusively to the "Evangelical is, however, this difference between them, that the Church," and form the bailiwick of Brandenburg, the present head of which is Prince Carl of Prussia, a brother of the king. The bailiwick of Brandenburg has, subject to certain services, been practically independent of the Grand Master of concluded on St. Barnabas Day, 1882, between the order ever since the Convention of Heimbach, formed the seventh branch, or language as it is Conrad von Braunsberg, prior of Germany (which technically called, of the order), and Bernedt von der Schulenburg, bailiff of Brandenburg. German Roman Catholic Knights of St. John are for distinction known as Malthezer, and are subject to the Prior of Bohemia. For further information respecting the bailiwick of Brandenburg, and a full description of the hospitaller 1864 and 1866, I refer SP. to the Memoir of the work of the knights during the campaigns of Bailiwick of Brandenburg published in 1868 by the English Knights of St. John, and to be obtained by sending thirteen stamps to the secretary of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, 8, St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, W.C. The fol

The

lowing princes are Knights of St. John, and there are probably others unknown to me: Heinrich XV. of Reuss, Friedrich Carl of Prussia, Friedrich of the Netherlands, Friedrich Franz, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Albrecht of Prussia, Heinrich XIII. of Reuss, and the Prince von Pless. J. A. PN.

CLAN GREGOR TARTAN (4th S. vi. 27, 116.)The red and black check is the tartan of Clan Alpine, and became generally used when the name and tartan of Clan Gregor were proscribed. The original colour was not scarlet, but a dull red, produced by a dye made from the heather. LYDIARD.

TAP ROOM ETHICS (4th S. v. 30.)—I met with the following example the other day in a way-side inn in the county of Northumberland, and jotted

it down for your pages:

:

"Here's to Pands pen

Dasoci! al Hou? Rinhar

M, Les, Smirt: Ha! (N. D. F.)
Unle, Tfri; end, shi! Pre,

I, Gnbe, J, U, Stand, K, Indan
Devils!!! Peako, Fn (one)."

I give you the rendering:

"Here stop and spend a social hour

In harmless mirth and fun;

Let friendship reign, be just and kind,
And evil speak of none."

J. MANUEL.

ESCUTCHEONS IN VENETIAN CHURCHES (4th S.

vi. 135, 205.)—I can give a reply to MR. WOODWARD'S query. It is customary throughout Italy, after a death, to place a hatchment outside the church, generally with the name and age of the person, and an invitation to pray for the soul. These armorial displays are often very curious, and set at nought the laws and regulations of heraldry. If the departed's friends are ignorant of the proper arms, and cannot find out an "heraldical office" where, on sending "name and county," arms can be procured, they use the arms of the see or the town or the country-of course with some slight difference. These displays are very conspicuous at Venice, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, &c. When a single painting, containing the arms of the see, is placed over the middle western door, it is a notification that religious rites in connection with some solemn fast or joyous festival are being performed. Sometimes we find two of these paintings-one with the bishop's arms, the other with a representation of the sacramental cup and the host. MR. JOHN WOOD

WARD has not given the date of his visit to Venice. If he turn to his note-book he will perhaps find that it was during some holy season of the church. I do not suppose that the "oval cartouche" to which he alludes had anything to do with a death or a vacancy. When a bishop dies his hatchment is not placed over the principal western door; it is found with the hatchments of the humblest individuals against the wall, in the spaces between the doors and windows at the west. JAMES HENRY DIXON.

I have to thank F. C. H. for his obliging reply to my inquiry. The escutcheons alluded to are, however, surmounted by the green hat of an archbishop, and not by the cardinal's red hat. The arms themselves are very curious, and bear saling arg. a lion of St. Mark or, for Venice. on a chief the arms of the French empire; misThey are ornamented with the patriarchal cross, pallium, pastoral staff, &c. The union of the arms of the French empire with those of Venice leads me to suppose that they have been placed there since the liberation from Austrian rule—(a thraldom, by the way, to which, I was told, that not a few Venetians look back with regret, the restoration to Italy having brought little advantage beyond the "sentiment" and increased taxation), whereas the archbishop appears to have become a cardinal at an earlier date, and we should therefore naturally expect the red hat instead of the green one. J. WOODWARD. Montrose.

NAVVY: NAVIGATOR (4th S. v. 554; vi. 182.)— MR. PICTON is quite correct in deriving navigator (the canal labourer) from navigation, though he has not, I believe, explained how it came to be so derived. In some of the northern counties of

England a canal used to be, probably is still, called by the uneducated a "navigation," the labourer who made the canal being thence denominated a navigator; and this name, familiarly contracted into navvy, has been retained in other

parts of the country by those rough and strong workmen, either when hired to hollow out the canal, or, as they would call it, "navigation." path for the iron road, or to construct some fresh

NOELL RADEcliffe.

PRASYN (4th S. vi. 154.)-In a note on the "Origin of Fairs" (p. 195), your correspondent quotes the sentence "that the prasyn and the margat," &c. (the market-may not the latter Scotticism have been the derivative of the nomenclature of the Cockney's seaside home, Margate, probably the ancient market of Thanet ?) The word prasyn would be the northern form of speech equivalent to our word "auction." From this noun came, without doubt, our word "appraisement," the bidding or setting a value upon an article offered for sale. At our country cattle

markets and at Billingsgate the residue of the material is in some instances sold to the highest bidder; therefore, in my opinion, the prasyn meant the appraised or bidden value, whereas the margat was the higgled or agreed price between buyer and seller; i.e. a value arrived at by special understanding and agreement. The latter is called in Gloucestershire a good or a bad "deal," as the case may be. A Londoner who purchases what he does not require at a cheap rate informs us that he has made a good bargain for an article that "may come in useful" some "fine day"; but the farmer nevertheless would consider that a "bad deal," as no present utility can be derived. GEO. RANKIN' "RIVAL RHYMES IN HONOUR OF BURNS,' ETC. 1859 (4th S. vi. 196.)-This work was written by the late Samuel Lover. E. S. M.

DR. W. NELSON CLARKE'S DEGREE (4th S. vi. 83, 183.)—" Clarke, Wm. Nelson, Ch. Ch. B.C.L., June 17, 1847; D.C.L., July 1, 1847." (Oxford Catalogue of Graduates, 1851.)

Miscellaneous.

W. D. MACRAY.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Notes of the Debates in the House of Lords, officially taken by Henry Elsing, Clerk of the Parliaments, A.D. 1621. Edited, from the Original MS. in the Possession of Lieutenant-Colonel Carew, by Samuel Rawson Gardiner, Esq. (Printed for the Camden Society.)

This volume, for which, to use the words of the editor, "the Camden Society is once more indebted to the kindness of Colonel Carew and the sagacity of the late Mr. Bruce, who detected the value of the MSS. he was called upon to examine at Crowcombe Court," affords a striking proof of the utility of the Society. No bookseller could ever have undertaken its publication-for such publication would have entailed the loss of the greater portion of the cost yet no student of our history, certainly no biographer of Bacon would hesitate to declare that Elsing's Notes ought to be printed. The Lords' Journals, at the commencement of the seventeenth century, are like those of the present day, strictly a record of what was done; whereas the Commons' Journals of the same period are the more valuable from frequently recording in addition what was said. From the work before us it appears, however, that good Master Elsing not only recorded with due precision the Minutes of the Proceedings in the House of Lords, but supplements them with brief notes of the speeches of the Lords, and so gives, as Mr. Gardiner remarks, insight into the state of parties in the Upper House, and into the character of the leading members, which we have never had before." What new light these notes throw upon important points in our history, one fact suffices to show. In the editor's opinion, the report of the debate on Bacon's case finally disposes of the theory, that the fall of the great Chancellor was brought about, or accelerated by, the ill-will of the favourite. Thanks to the kindness of Sir John Lefevre, Elsing's accomplished successor, Mr. Gardiner has been enabled to give completeness to his work by the publication of several important documents preserved among the archives of the House of Lords.

an

Perpetuum Mobile; or, a History of the Search for SelfMotive Power from the 13th to the 19th Century. Illustrated from various authentic Sources in Papers, Essays, Letters, Paragraphs, and numerous Patent Specifications. By Henry Dircks, C.E., LL.D., &c. Second Series. (Spon.)

The able biographer of the great Marquess of Worcester has produced a very curious book on a very curious subject, and in so doing has turned his scientific and proafter the perpetual motion has for centuries possessed a fessional knowledge to excellent account. The search charm not only to minds specially gifted for mechanical pursuits, but to many others which would seem to be almost beyond the power of resistance. This desire to rediscover an alleged lost discovery seems almost indomitable. "For though," as Mr. Dircks well remarks, "the tyro in mechanical invention has only to study the elementary mechanical and mathematical sciences, together with the present history of seven centuries occupied in efforts to realise a veritable mechanical perpetual motion, to satisfy himself by conclusive evidence that the pursuit is no other than a most tantalising delusion and an infallible snare;" it is clear that he has little hope that the present work, undertaken in a great measure at the warning to self-deluded inventors, will have the desired request of Professor Woodcroft of the Patent Office as a effect. Be that as it may, the book is one of considerable interest and well calculated to add to Mr. Dirck's reputation in a branch of literary history which is peculiarly

his own.

SIR EDWIN LANDSEER and M. DYCKMANS have been nominated effective members of the Antwerp Royal Academy of the Fine Arts, in the place of Mr. Överbeck and the late Baron Leys.

WE learn from The Athenæum that the long expected edition of Plato by Professor Jowett will be in four thick octavo volumes, will contain a translation of all the works of Plato; and to each dialogue will be prefixed an introduction of considerable length. The work has occupied the new Master of Baliol for many years, and has been submitted by him for revision to several scholars of eminence it may be expected before the end of 1870.

MR. SAMUEL CARTER HALL announces for early publication "A Book of Memoirs of Great Men and Women of the Age," with whom he has been personally ac quainted, comprising nearly all the literary celebrities of the present century. It will be extensively illustrated.

MANY a passer-by must have been struck by the lowness of the arch of the western entrance to Westminster Abbey and its disproportion to the unusually lofty character of the whole church. We understand that since Sir C. Wren's time this arch has not been seen in its full proportions, a recent excavation showing that, when completing the towers to their present height, he carried a sloping path from the outer rails to the church, and so raised the level to the top of and concealed the original stone bench on either side of the porch. We believe that the original level is to be restored and the royal entrance made somewhat more worthy than at present of its prominent position. An examination of the towers, which, as far as the roof, are Islip's work, shows that Wren, however faithful he may have been, when restoring

266

were not divided."

ALL who are acquainted with the extraordinary power which the Japanese display in their book illustrations, will look forward with great interest for the appearance of the "Tales of Old Japan," translated, with copious explanatory introductions and comments, by Captain A. B. Mitford, Attaché to the British Embassy at Jeddo, announced for publication by Messrs. Macmillan, "with forty full-page illustrations drawn and engraved by Japanese artists."

A CORRESPONDENT of The Publishers' Circular brings to notice a growing evil, to which the large bookselling firms would do well to direct their attention, namely, "the careless manner in which so many books are sewed." This may perhaps be unavoidable in cheap books, consequent on the close economy necessarily observed in their production; but there is no such excuse in the case of important and full-priced books-for the binding of which the publishers, no doubt, pay remunerative prices.

INEDITED WRITINGS OF TASSO.-M. Portioli has recently discovered, in the archives of Mautua, no less than twenty-nine inedited letters of Tasso, two sonnets, and a madrigal. These pieces, which are all dated between 1566 and 1587, throw no new light upon his biography, but serve to confirm the accuracy of our present knowledge of the great poet, and have been carefully printed in the Italian journal La Revista Europea.

A FLAGRANT plagiarism has been attracting attention in literary and ecclesiastical circles in France. The Abbé Barthelemy has recently translated from the Italian a work, by M. Joseph Maggio, entitled "S. Vicenzo di Paolo ei suoi tempi." The translator seems to have acted in perfect good faith, and in utter ignorance of the existence of an important work in four volumes on the same subject by the learned Abbé Maynard, entitled "Saint Vincent et son Temps." Not so, however, the Italian author; who seems to have founded his work almost entirely on that of Abbé Maynard.

THE current number of Art furnishes remarkable evidence of the advantages which London offers to Art students, in the fact that Alma Tadema, the distin Belgian painter, the most notable pupil of Bar ished eys,

[4th S. VI. SEPT. 24, '70.

and whose pictures have attracted so much attention on the walls of the Royal Academy and the French Exhibition, contemplates taking up his permanent residence in living here to be superior to those of any city on the London; because he regards the advantages of ArtContinent: an opinion well deserving the attention of many of our students, who think far too lightly of the advantages and opportunities of Art Study within their reach.

By the death of the widow of Mr. Thompson of Banchory, the Free Kirk Divinity College, at Aberdeen, has become possessed of a museum, library, and 30,0007.; and the Glasgow University Building Fund has been increased by a donation of 1000l. from Sir W. Stirling Maxwell.

Ir is announced that Professor Seeley is about to lecture at Birmingham on "The Age of Goethe and Schiller."

WITH regard to Cecil House, the destruction of which by fire was lately noticed in these columns, Mr. G. Gilbert Scott, Jun., writing to The Times, states: "the building was certainly not earlier than Charles II.'s reign, and was more probably of the date of William and Mary. house above, and the character of their brickwork is The cellars are evidently of a different date to the Jacobean, if not earlier. The house was an exceedingly fine specimen of late seventeenth-century work."

....

FIVE YEARS AT AN ENGLISH UNIVERSITY, by Charles Astor Bristed.
NOTES AND QUERIES. First Series. Vols. VIII. IX. X. XI. and
XII.

Wanted by the Rer. John Pickford, M.A., Bolton Percy,
near Tadcaster, Yorkshire.

BANKS' EXTINCT AND DORMANT PEERAGE.
INSTRUMENTA ECCLESIASTICA.

Wanted by Rev. H. Ward, IIalstock, Yeovil, Somerset.
WESTWOOD, ON THE MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S MONTHLY JOURNAL for July, 1865.
CLARK, MIND IN NATURE. (American.)

GAYOT, LE CHIEN. 1867.

LONDON, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1870.

CONTENTS.-No 144.

NOTES:-The War Songs of the Day, 267 The "Baronetage," 268-Benthamiana, 269-Loss of the CaptainInscription in Edensor Church Epitaph in Aysgarth Churchyard-A Rebus - Bent Coins -Parallel Passages: "The Wish Father to the Thought' Cool Courage Suggestion-Undesigned Coincidences - "The Pensylvania Gazette" -The Misletoe Moscow Cemetery Natural luminating Gas-The Vice-Chancellorship at Oxford - The Devil beating his Wife, 270. QUERIES:-Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount Lisle attainted 1540, 273-Bonner's "Homilies"- Rev. J. Hobart Caunter-The Siege of Coulommiers - The Destruction in 1849, at Montreal, by Fire, of the Parliament House of Canada Dryden's Agreement for his Virgil - Philip Dun, B.p.p.-Fishwick -Grotius-Heraldic- Janney"Intolerant only of Intolerance" - Dr. Samuel Johnson's Watch-Dr. William Kinson - Lascelles Family - Letters of Henry and Frances - Livy's "Rome" — -Macduff, Thane of Fife, &c., 274.

QUERIES WITH ANSWERS: - Sir Walter Raleigh The Luck of Edenhall-The Norman Abbots of Westminster Bang-Beggar Galantee -- Sacred Congregation of Rites"History of the Civil Wars"- Hymns, 278. REPLIES:- Household Queries, 279- Mount Hor: Jebel Haroun, 284 Williams: " Balaam's Ass," Ib. - Mitrailleur or Mitrailleuse, 285- Alexander Henderson, 286Louis Napoléon -Lu-lu James VI.'s Natural Son Ebba, King of the Danes-King Osred-"That Man's Father," &c.-Hölty, the German Poet Kissing and Cobwebs Lord Palmerston's Dismissal from Office in 1852-Sir Thomas Browne: Archer's Court -The Nine of Diamonds, &c., 287.

Notes on Books, &c.

Nates.

DIE WACHT AM RHEIN": "THE RHINE WATCH." [By Max Schreckenburge. Set by Carl Wilhelm.]

"The war-cry-bark! that thunder pealThat boom of waves! that clash of steel!

The Rhine! the Rhine! to the German Rhine!

Oh! who will guard its flood divine?
Dear Fatherland, may peace be thine!
Steadfast and true are thy warders, Rhine!

"Five hundred thousand hear the cry-
See lightnings flash from every eye!
The German youth they are stanch and stern,
Our sacred landmarks their concern.
Dear Fatherland, may peace be thine!
Steadfast and true are thy warders, Rhine!
"What if my heart death-stricken be,
For that no foe shall vanquish thee!
Germania's as rich in hero-blood
As in its waters is thy flood.
Dear Fatherland, may peace be thine!
Steadfast and true are thy warders, Rhine!

"They look up into Heaven's eyes

While heroes watch them from the skies,

And with a proud zest for war they vow
Thou'rt German, Rhine! as our hearts are now!
Dear Fatherland, may peace be thine!
Stout, stanch, and stern are thy warders, Rhine!
"While there's one drop of blood still warm,
One rifle on a German arm,

One hand to handle a German brand,
No foe of thine shall foot thy strand.
Dear Fatherland, may peace be thine!

Stout, stanch, and stern are thy warders, Rhine!
"Loud rings the oath! the war-tide note!
Forth on the breeze the banners float.
Ho! Rhinewards all! O thou German Rhine,
The bulwarks of our breasts are thine!

Dear Fatherland, peace shall be thine!

Stout, stanch, and stern are thy warders, Rhine!"

"WHAT HAS BEEN WILL BE."
[F. Freiligrath: his last War-Song.]

"As that wolf, the Assyrian, all burnished and bright,
Clattered down on the sheepfolds of Judah by night;
As the Persian who fettered the sea with a boast
Showered down upon Hellas his barbarous host;
"As the Huns who shot out of the steppes like winged
reeds,

Overrunning the West with their numberless steeds; As the fleet for Old England's invasion preparedThat invincible fleet! so the Spaniard declared;

"As the Corsican Cæsar, the uncle of old, His legions of locusts to Russia cajoled

66

To encamp upon corpses laid low by the dearth, While presuming to vaunt himself lord of the earth; "So the Corsican now, like his uncle, would dream Of subduing the coasts of our true German stream; There's a glitter of helms and a clashing of steel, On the spoils of our Rhineland he'd fain make a meal! "What a crop of hyenas and jackals he's grownAll those Spahis and Turcos, the props of his throne; They all bark at his bidding-he's one of their style, Oh! how wasted the war-song of Rouget de L'Isle ! "The Sǎar, the Moselle, and the Odenwald wail; The Palatinate maidens all quake and turn pale; On the breasts of their mothers the babes hide their heads.

Never fear ye, my loved ones, sleep sound in your beds. "To defend ye all Germany flies to the front,

All its thousands of thousands as one bear the brunt; In their rage they press on, the huge wedge will destroy;

The disturber of nations, he's doom'd-oh, what joy! "What has once been will be, for it took but a day To sweep Persian and Hun and Assyrian away; All their might and their pride like a vapour dispersed, And the breath of the Almighty the Armada coerced. "To confound him who bragged he was lord of the earth, Heat and cold they united as one from their birth. Patience but for one day! 'till the thunderbolt's flown That vile Zouave in purple 'twill hurl from his throne."

BECKER'S RHINE.

"You never shall have it, our German Rhine, Although with the raven's greed

You scream yourselves hoarse, while the gleaming vine On its shores, and the emerald mead

With their jewels deck its glorious shrine.