State and Society in the PhilippinesPeople in the Philippines routinely vote, run for office, organize social movements, and call for good governance by the state. Why, then, is there a recurring state-society dilemma in the Philippines? One horn of the dilemma is the persistent inability of the state to provide basic services, guarantee peace and order, and foster economic development. The other is Filipinos' equally enduring suspicion of a strong state. The idea of a strong Republic evokes President Marcos' martial law regime of the 1970s and 1980s, which spawned two armed rebellions, cost thousands of lives in repression and billions of dollars in corruption, set the nation back years in economic development, and exacerbated suspicion of the state. This dilemma stimulates thinking about the puzzle of state resilience: How has a "weak state" maintained the territorial integrity of the Philippines in the postwar period in the face of two major rebellions and an armed separatist movement, corruption, mismanagement, intractable poverty, weak sovereignty, and an often chaotic electoral system? Why does the inability to collect taxes, secure citizens' lives and property, and maintain economic infrastructure not result in state failure? State and Society in the Philippines engages the dilemma of state-society relations through a historical treatment of state formation and the corresponding conflicts and collaborations between state leaders and social forces. It examines the long history of institutional state weakness in the Philippines and the efforts made to overcome the state's structural fragility and strengthen its bond with society. It answers these difficult questions by focusing on how the state has shaped and been shaped by its interaction with social forces, especially in the rituals of popular mobilization that have produced surprising and diverse results. |
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Contents
Introducing Philippine Politics | 1 |
THE BOOKS APPROACH | 3 |
CONCEPTUAL TOOLS | 6 |
Social Forces | 9 |
BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES | 10 |
People and Practices | 11 |
Political Administration and Political Power | 12 |
Economic Realities | 16 |
Crony Capitalism circa the 1920s | 141 |
Restraining Politics | 143 |
Popular Insurgency | 147 |
THE COMMONWEALTH REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES | 153 |
Social Changes on the Eve of World War II | 157 |
WORLD WAR II AND THE SECOND REPUBLIC | 159 |
All Politics Is Local 19461964 | 167 |
The End of Partyless Democracy | 168 |
The Philippines in Maritime Asia to the Fourteenth Century | 19 |
Localization and the Growth of Regional Networks | 24 |
EARLY COMMUNITIES IN THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO | 27 |
A Web of Interdependence | 28 |
TRADE TRIBUTE AND WARFARE IN A REGIONAL CONTEXT | 31 |
Connections within and beyond the Archipelago | 34 |
An Early Legal Document | 37 |
NOTES | 39 |
New States and Reorientations 13681764 | 41 |
Islam | 42 |
Christianity | 45 |
Conquest and Division | 49 |
SOCIAL SPATIAL AND SPIRITUAL REDEFINITION | 53 |
Reshaping the Economy to Pay for Colonization | 60 |
Essential Outsiders | 64 |
ORIGINS OF THE WEAK STATE | 66 |
Territorial Stalemate | 68 |
The British Occupation | 70 |
State and Societies 17641898 | 75 |
THE NEW ECONOMY | 76 |
The Importance of Land | 80 |
REFORMING THE STATE | 84 |
Provincial and Municipal Government | 88 |
Education | 92 |
Mapping the Peripheries | 95 |
SOCIAL FORMATION AND STATE RESPONSE | 96 |
Filipinos | 98 |
Nation and States 18721913 | 102 |
Conflict within the Church | 103 |
Struggle against Church and State | 104 |
THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION AND THE FIRST REPUBLIC | 109 |
The Malolos Republic | 113 |
THE EARLY YEARS OF AMERICAN RULE | 119 |
Parallel State Building in the Special Provinces | 123 |
Conservative Nationalism | 125 |
The Continuing Revolutionary Tradition | 128 |
The Filipino Colonial State 19021946 | 134 |
FILIPINIZATION | 139 |
A Fragile Economy | 170 |
The Huk Rebellion | 173 |
The Weak State | 177 |
REFORMING THE STATE THROUGH ELECTORAL POLITICS | 179 |
A Patchwork State | 182 |
National Development | 185 |
POSTWAR NATIONALISM | 186 |
POSTWAR DEMOCRACY | 189 |
Marcos 19651986 | 193 |
This Nation Can Be Great Again | 194 |
Reform or Radical Change? | 198 |
THE USMARCOS DICTATORSHIP | 205 |
Decline | 213 |
Resistance | 216 |
Collapse | 221 |
Democratization 19861998 | 230 |
Aquinos Legacy | 231 |
Reformists and Trapos | 237 |
ECONOMIC RECOVERY AND STATE REBUILDING | 242 |
A Declaration of State Strength | 244 |
DEMOCRATIZATION AND THE CHINESEFILIPINO COMMUNITY | 253 |
THE UNRAVELING OF PHILIPPINES 2000 | 256 |
TwentyFirstCentury Philippine Politics | 266 |
Movie Star Millenarianism | 270 |
The Erap Presidency | 273 |
Edsa 2 versus Edsa 3 Poor Peoples Power | 277 |
DREAMING A STRONG REPUBLIC | 278 |
Machine Politics versus Media Populism | 282 |
Economic Governance | 284 |
CURRENT ISSUES | 290 |
Muslim Separatism | 293 |
Population Policy | 294 |
NOTES | 302 |
Glossary | 309 |
Bibliography | 313 |
335 | |
351 | |
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