form for others to hear and understand, even if there be nothing else done either towards investigating the sources of the story or examining the language of the piece, is worth more as an educational discipline than a whole course of lectures on the poet, though they should be accompanied by private, but cursory reading of all his works. In the departments of physical science this is better understood; the advantage that accrues to the student from making his own experiments and gathering his own experience of the workings and relations of forces and substances hardly needs mention; but great as this is, it is small in comparison with the gain that comes from this method in the study of literature.

Such is the present equipment and such the present method in the department of arts; in both it may claim to be abreast of the times. Not that there are no problems yet to be solved-there are more, perhaps, than we are aware of, and it is well that there are, for without them there would be no progress. The most pressing at the present moment is this: How to reconcile election of knowledge with enforcement of education.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.

THE PAST.

As near as can be determined from such old records as have come down to us, the first course of lectures ever given upon anatomy upon the Continent of America was delivered in 1751 by Dr. Thomas Cadwalader, in a house, Second street, which faces Dock street, in Philadelphia. Ten or eleven years elapsed before; Dr. William Shippen, jr., advertised in the Pennsylvania Gazette, November 25, 1762, that:

Dr. Shippen's anatomical lectures will begin to-morrow evening at six o'clock, at his father's house in Fourth street. Tickets for the course to be had of the Doctor at five pistoles each, and any gentlemen who incline to see the subject prepared for the lectures, and learn the art of dissecting, injections, &., are to pay five pistoles

more.

Three years later Dr. John Morgan returned from a five years' study in Great Britain and upon the Continent of Europe, and laid before the Board of Trustees of the College of Philadelphia a plan for establishing a medical school under their auspices. The earnest appeals of Dr. Morgan, sustained as they were by the high testimonials which he had received in Europe, resulted in his election in May, 1765, to the first medical professorship in America, namely, the chair of the theory and practice of physic. The following September Dr. Shippen was elected professor of anatomy and surgery.

Lectures were given by these professors, but it was not until 1767 that a curriculum was prepared, and the "requisites for a bachelor's degree in physic," and the "qualifications for a doctor's degree in physic," to be given by the College, publicly promulgated.

The first regulations to be found in the minutes of the Board of Trustees in regard to fees is in May, 1768, when the price of tickets for the single course it was determined should not exceed "six pistoles" (820), in addition to which there was a matriculation fee of 20 shillings, and each student on taking the degree of bachelor of physic was required to pay a fee of not less than a guinea to each professor, and "likewise the usual fees for the seal of his diploma and for the increase of the library."

The clinical lectures at the Pennsylvania Hospital, delivered by Dr. Thomas Bond, appear to have been an integral portion of the course, although it is not known that Dr. Bond was ever formally elected pro1180-18

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fessor.

In 1768 Dr. Adam Kuhn was added to the faculty as the professor of materia medica and botany. In June, 1768, at the first commencement of the College of Philadelphia the degree of bachelor of medicine was conferred upon ten candidates, the first group of the 10,753 physicians who up to 1892 have been sent into practice by the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania.

In 1769 the renowned Dr. Benjamin Rush became professor of chemistry, and in the season of 1769-70 the announcement of the Medical School was as follows:

Theory and practice of medicine, John Morgan, M. D.; anatomy, surgery, and midwifery, William Shippen, jr., M. D.; materia medica and botany, Adam Kuhn, M. D.; chemistry, Benjamin Rush, M. D.; clinical medicine, Thomas Bond, M. D.

Young in years was this school and young in years were the professors, save Dr. Thomas Bond, who alone was over 50. Rush was 24, Kuhn was 28, Shippen was 33, and Morgan was 34.

The medical lectures in the College of Philadelphia appear to have been steadily continued, with occasional interruptions of individual courses, caused by absence of professors, until the breaking out of the Revolution in 1776; especially the occupation of Philadelphia by the British in 1777, caused them to become very irregular. At the close of the war it was alleged that some of the members of the Board of Trustees were disaffected toward the new Government, and by an act of legislature in 1779 the charter of the College was abrogated, its officers removed, and its property transferred to a new institution chartered under the name of the University of the State of Pennsylvania. The trustees of this new institution at once attempted to organize a new Medical Department, and requested the late professors of the College of Philadelphia to take their respective chairs. Of these professors, only Dr. Shippen accepted, and so much difficulty was found in obtaining other professors that the medical instruction was exceedingly irregular and imperfect, although there was no further interruption to graduation each year.

After ten years of agitation, and by the aid of Benjamin Franklin, on March 6, 1789, the friends of the College of Philadelphia succeeded in obtaining from the legislature a repeal of the act which had deprived the institution of its charter. One week after this the trustees reinstated the medical faculty, appointing the old professors, Shippen, Kuhn, Rush, and Morgan.

There were now in Philadelphia two rival, antagonistic medical schools; the result was so unsatisfactory that, in 1791, especially through the efforts of Dr. Caspar Wistar, an amicable adjustment was brought about between the two colleges, and as the result of a petition from the two schools, the legislature passed an act consolidating the College of Philadelphia and the University of the State of Pennsylvania in one institution, to be known as the "University of Pennsylvania."