assistant in Botany; Milton J. Gréenman, PH. B., M. D., in charge of the Marine Laboratory and Aquarium. This laboratory is the sixth in the history of American marine laboratories to be established. The Anderson Laboratory, established by the elder Agassiz, at Penikese, was the first marine laboratory established in America. Following this came Prof. Baird's laboratory at Noank, Conn., afterwards at Woods Holl, Mass., then Prof. Alexander Agassiz's laboratory at Newport, R. I. Later, the Chesapeake Laboratory was organized by Prof. W. K. Brooks, under the auspices of Johns Hopkins University. Prof. Brooks also established a branch laboratory temporarily at Beaufort and later at Nassau, N. P., West Indies. It was at Prof. Brooks' Nassau laboratory that the expedition sent out by the Biological School of the University of Pennsylvania made extensive collections of biological specimens during the summer of 1887.

Following Prof. Brooks' most successful efforts in the South came the Boston Marine Laboratory, at Woods Holl, Mass., under the direc torship of Prof. C. O. Whitman. Probably no laboratory on the Americau coast has been so successful as the Boston Marine Laboratory. The natural advantages of the place and the enthusiastic support which it has received from the beginning have made it what it is. Next in the chronological order stands the Laboratory of Marine Biology of the University of Pennsylvania, while during the past year the Hopkins Marine Laboratory of the Leland Stanford University has been established on the Pacific coast.

At the laboratory during the first session (1892) classes in zoölogy and botany have been conducted and the lectures have been richly illustrated by supplies of animals and plants drawn from the surrounding country.

Frequent excursions into the fields and on the bays and rivers have been made by the students, who have thereby been brought into intimate contact with living objects in their natural haunts. Collections of laboratory materials have been made by a number of teachers who are working at the laboratory, and numerous lectures have been deliv ered by members of the teaching corps. The experiments in practical oyster culture, which proved so successful last year, have been carried on this season by the U. S. Fish Commission, under the direction of Prof. John A. Ryder. It is hoped that this work will be of practical benefit to the oystermen and aid in reëstablishing the oyster beds of the New Jersey coast.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL.

As far as appears, the first words touching this hospital were uttered upon the platform of the Academy of Music at the medical commencement of the University in the spring of 1871.

On that occasion Dr. H. C. Wood, a talented and ambitious physician of the class of 1862, fell into converse with a friend of like characteristics, Dr. William F. Norris, of the class of 1861, and they, with a third kindred spirit, Dr. William Pepper, of the class of 1864.

That which they spoke of, when once it was spoken of, quickly became known and of interest to all the friends of the Medical School.

The University was about to be removed from Ninth, near Chestnut street, 2 miles westward, over the Schuylkill River. Its Medical School could not follow it, unless there were adjacent to it a hospital, and, save that of the Philadelphia Almshouse, there would be none.

To leave the vicinity of the old Pennsylvania Hospital, the most ancient in America and for fifty years the best appointed in the world, by whose bedsides students of the University had been taught for so many years, was not to be thought of, unless a fitting substitute could be obtained.

How to do this was the thought of the three young doctors on this commencement day of 1871. To do this became their resolve. There was good reason for this resolution.

The new position of the University was to be in a beautiful suburb of the growing city. Its site would be commanding, salubrious, and ample for future wants. Near it rows of houses were being built suitable for students' dwellings. To keep all departments of the University near each other was more than a pleasing thought; it was likely to be an economical and useful measure.

The first action taken under these views was the assembling of the medical alumni in a meeting on June 12, 1871, under the chairmanship of the Hon. Morton McMichael.

This gentleman was editor of the oldest newspaper in America- -a leader of political thought, though not an office-holder-an accomplished orator, with special facility for after-dinner speaking, a most genial aud popular mån, of whom the foudness of his fellows has preserved the remembrance by a bronze statue in Fairmount Park.

His indorsement was a fortunate initiation of the movement. The meeting determined that the importance of creating the hospital should be pressed upon the medical faculty and presented to the Board of Trustees of the University.

There then sat at this board two gentlemen who had been mayors of Philadelphia before the act had been passed which consolidated its various districts into one city, the venerable gentleman who was the father of that act and the foremost real estate lawyer of the city, the Secretary of the Navy of the United States, a gentleman who came to occupy a seat in the Supreme Court of the United States, another who became minister of the United States at the Court of St. James, and other gentlemen of like prominence in their avocations and professions. The chairman of the medical committee was Dr. George B. Wood, who, as student, professor, and trustee, from youth to old age, had spent, as a physician, his life in the service of the University.

Such a body, so advised as to its medical interests, could hardly fail to approve of the projected hospital. It promptly agreed to appropriate ground for it. The faculty quickly caught the feeling of the hour and appointed a committee to coöperate with one from the alumni. The joint committee prepared an appeal to the public, which was signed by a number of influential citizens. A meeting of the signers of this appeal selected a hospital finance committee, or commission, to direct subsequent movements.

William Pepper, M. D., was made chairman of the commission, Saunders Lewis was elected treasurer, and the project was thus fairly on foot.

The committee placed before itself no less a task than the collection of $700,000. Without support from church influence, with no expectation of great gifts under the promptings of religious zeal, sustained by no rich class or profession, relying simply on the statement of its needs and of its usefulness, trusting to University feeling, but trusting more to the disposition of the charitable, it ventured upon this large work. The epoch of the work favored its success.

Hearts, stimulated by the efforts and softened by the sufferings of the war of the rebellion, were responsive to the cails of charity. The financial panic of 1873 had not yet come, following the war, and purses were yet heavy with its profits. The enormous increase, however, in the wealth of the United States during the past twenty years had not then been reflected in the great fortunes of the present time. Great donations, in the modern sense, were therefore not to be expected from the charitable, and but one such was made, viz, $50,000, by Isaiah V. Williamson.

This name recalls a remarkable man, one who then was by sagacious investments and severest (though not parsimonious) economy, amassing an enormous fortune based on the successes of early life. He was unknown as a giver of money, famous as a saver of it. His wealth, however, invited attack in the interest of the hospital. It was determined