an old theme, we must have the art of a Monmouth-street clothier, and make our wares look "as good as new," and show no sign of their having been worn before. But to begin:

The disposition, impulse, instinct, propensity, or what you will, towards giving advice, is so universal among men, that, with the sole exception of those who sell it, no class in the community is exempt from the failing. They, indeed, who live by the trade, are cautious enough how they scatter their pearls to swine. The doctor, who, to the travelling question of "what would you advise me to take," answered, "Take advice"-is the type and model of the whole tribe. Law and physic are equally sententious and oracular; and they both hem in their assertions with such phalanxes of “ifs" and "buts," as seldom fail to leave the consultor in greater doubt than before Yet, strange to say, this bought advice is almost the only species that is implicitly followed. So much, indeed, does the virtue of all counsel lie in the fee, that the best opinion is held to be useless, if gratuitously imparted: no man esteeming that worth having, which another does not hesitate to part withal. In this, therefore, the clergy are guilty of an egregious error, that they do not retail their opinions by the piece, but accept of a yearly stipend, and, doling out their weekly lucubrations gratis, "vex the dull ear of the drowsy hearer," by not first fixing his attention through an application to his pocket. Without this key, it would be difficult to understand the little use which is made of all the good advice which church and state procure to be administered to his Majesty's lieges, but which possesses so strikingly the singular property of " going in at one ear and out of the other." This is a fact that we press the more earnestly, as the matter of clerical remuneration is at present "before the public:"-but a word to the wise.

The same reason likewise explains the trifling benefit derived from those paternal admonitions which another of the government servants dispenses to the subject towards the close of our sessions and assizes, and which are proverbially inefficacious. Were the quantum meruit upon these great occasions left in the breast of the by-standers, by admitting the public only on the purchase of tickets, it is inconceivable how anxious men would become "to get the worth of their money," and how careful they would be to carry away something quod mox depromere possunt: whereas at present this merit is confined only to the select few, who make such opportunities the occasion of "labouring in their vocation, Hal," and with whom "depromere" means to pawn.

The secret here disclosed for the benefit of the public is invaluable; but it is more especially recommended to the consideration of our Tract Societies, who are so ready in giving good advice, that the people imagine it, like the priest's blessing, not worth the taking. Nay, it is to be feared, that even the Bible itself may come to be estimated merely at its selling price with "my Uncle," if its distribution continues to be effected at the present accelerating

velocity. A still greater error of the "good ladies," is that of purchasing an auditory, and bribing the poor to "stand their jobations" by a weekly largesse of soup and potatoes, or an occasional donative of petticoats and blankets. In this case the most wholesome advice is esteemed "flocci nauci nihili," except as it is accompanied by wholesome porridge; and the naked truth is rejected, unless for the sake of the decent clothing with which it is accompanied.

This consideration likewise throws considerable light upon the nature of that never-sufficiently-to-be-deprecated influence of the press, which so mischievously interferes between the autocrat apostles of "social order," and their amiable and anti-selfish projects.

be

"Heu, heu, nos miseros, quam totus homuncio nil est!"

The very means we take to carry our ends become the very instruments for consummating our ruin! The stamp duty, that ingenious contrivance for giving public opinion the spring halt, must (if there any truth in these premises) add weight and value to all the ill advice that flows from the malignity of journalists; and, by increasing the price of the article, make it more worth attending to. Do we not, in fact, find that the dearer all sorts of books are, the more eagerly they are bought; and that there are many works, having no earthly value but the prices they bear in "marked catalogues," which are esteemed as alone conferring literary distinction on their possessors?

Notwithstanding all that has been said, we find the mania of giving advice "free, gratis, for nothing at all," attaches so closely to every cast and character, every age, sex, and temperament, that man might be defined an advising animal; a definition much the more appropriate than even the far-famed "cooking animal," because man only cooks his victuals when he wants to eat, whereas he is at all times, "in season and out of season," ready to "give his vardict," and will preach to you, for the hour together, by all the clocks between this and Shrewsbury, and at any hour you please of the whole four-and-twenty. Accordingly, we find that this function is not attributed to any insulated and particular boss, bump, protuberance, or accidentality of the human brain, susceptible of the poco meno and poco più, but is a common property of the whole cerebral mass, inherent in each separate fibre, and operating in all; being proprium quarto modo to the principle of sensibility. Some may be inclined to attribute the universality of advising to its facility: for certainly nothing is easier than for a looker-on, who proverbially sees most of the game, to pick holes in its playing; and for those who are out of a scrape, and feel none of its embarrassments, to say, "if I were you," or "in your case,' or "how can you be so silly!" And the proof is in the number of those who "are for ever prone to teach their grannies to suck eggs."

It seems, however, not altogether improbable, that the eagerness

for giving advice may arise in no inconsiderable degree from a fixed conviction that it will never be taken; for it is never so earnestly pressed as when the giver is "certain sure" that it is absolutely impracticable. For this hypothesis many good reasons might be assigned; but we will confine ourselves to this one: that the rejection of advice is the best pretext for abandoning a friend in his adversity; and that there is no better answer to that most impertinent and provoking "Lend me an hundred pounds," than, "No, Sir, if you had taken my advice," or "It's all your own affair," or "You know you would have your own way," "As you brew, so you may bake;" which are all unanswerable formulæ,-intrenched passes, through which the enemy can never penetrate to your pocket.

That a reluctance to take advice is a sufficient motive for offering it, may be concluded, likewise, from that odd phenomenon of men continuing to give counsel as fathers, which they have rejected as sons, regularly, de père en fils, from generation to generation, from the days of Adam to this infant 1823. Were it not for the pleasure of the sport, they might as well "whistle to milestones."

As giving advice is one of the greatest pleasures of life, so the exercise is one of our greatest franchises; and the Abbé Gagliani has not unjustly placed public liberty in this very point. In the most despotic government, he observes (see Grimm), each individual shut up in the bosom of his family, and avoiding contact with the tyrant, enjoys an apparent security and tranquillity; but he cannot influence the conduct of others, or remark on public affairs; whereas, in a free state, every thing is within our cognizance. All this is perfectly true; and there is nothing in the whole round of tyranny, domestic or politic, more provoking than the necessity of speaking only when you are spoken to, and keeping to yourself every rising animadversion on "what does not concern you." Clever despots have accordingly permitted their slaves this privilege of talking, to a certain extent, well assured that a vaudeville or a squib is a safety-valve which prevents many a fatal explosion. His Majesty's ministers have not a more formidable enemy than a cross-grained, jealous attorney-general; nor is the state ever in greater danger than when men's tongues are forced to lie idle.

It is not surprising that a principle so inherent in our nature should assume many forms, and show itself under a truly Protean variety of aspects. Besides the members of the learned professions "doctores à docendo" (that is, doctors because they give advice,) and the hereditary, elective, and nominated counsellors of the crown, we have journalists, reviewers, pamphleteers, lecturers, didactic and satirical poets, religious novelists, comedians, coffeehouse orators, writers of anonymous letters, advertisers, old maids, duellists, soldiers (the readers of great moral lessons, and learned

scholiasts of modern international law), political economists (paper and gold), Mesmerites, Missionaries, &c. &c. each anxious pro modulo suo, and according to his several capacities, to take upon himself the disciplining, drilling, and remoulding the world. Of all men that ever breathed I hold Dr. Rees to have been the most fortunate, who, in publishing the Encyclopædia, has given advice upon all subjects and to all men. His only drawback must have arisen in the necessity of advocating other men's opinions instead of his own. When the publisher of the old Monthly Magazine shall have succeeded in overturning the Newtonian philosophy, he may, perhaps, find leisure for writing an Encyclopædia all his own; and then "Ille mî par esse deo videbitur," he will reach the acmé of human prosperity, and have the whole world of science,

"Like a bull in a china-shop, all his own way.”

Till then men must submit, as of old, to play alternately the parts of advisers and advised.

But, alas! hinc ille lacrymæ! nobody likes taking advice; and those dislike taking it the most, who are the freest in offering it to their neighbours. Hence the propriety of never asking a friend's opinion, till the thing in question is irrevocably decided. This want of reciprocity (as Mr. Pitt would have called it) is the cause why free states make despotic masters of colonies; and it explains, too, why the Bourbons, who have been proverbial for learning nothing and forgetting nothing, should be the first and most active in forcing advice on others, and should disgust all Europe by their atrocious attempt at reading the Spaniards a political lecture. May every arm of man be lifted against them, and every human sigh that is breathed to Heaven, go laden with a curse on their unholy enterprise !

Among the endless varieties of human caprice, instances are not wanting of persons who find pleasure in taking physic; but though many have found a malicious delight in asking advice, merely that they may treat it with contempt, it is unknown that man ever took it with satisfaction. The position is too humiliating; nor could we endure to listen patiently to our best friend's prosing, were we not upheld by a conscious liberty and a decided volition to reject his counsel. What else could sustain a minister through a course of Mr. Hume's nightly inflictions, or what could maintain unbroken the life-ending connexion of man and wife, and carry mankind through that never-ending still-beginning curtain-lecture, which "rerum immutabilis unda" has endured, and will endure "in omne volubilis ævum," even to the very crack of doom,-the eternal type and precursor of the last trumpet?

The subject grows on our hands, but it is time to have done, or "commençons à conclure.' "We thank Providence that gave us a profession (reader, we leave you to guess which) that invests us with the divine right of inflicting our opinion on others secundum

artem. But this is not enough: we must indulge a little in our private capacities; and now and then "give a piece of our mind” to the readers of the New Monthly; for which, as they pay, it is to be hoped they will profit. Did time permit, we could even now afford many useful counsels, all "germane to the matter:" but dum loquimur fugit pagina, and we must content ourselves with advising our kind friends not to sleep with their eyes open, to avoid the east wind (which is now beginning to blow), to do as little as they can of what they don't like, and "se tenir en joie," and remember "qu'il y a plus d'esprit en un pinte du vin, qu'il n'y en a en un boisseau de bled."

M.

FROM THE BRITISH CRITIC.

Essays on Subjects of Important Enquiry, in Metaphysics, Morals and Religion; accompanied by References to Passages in numerous Authors, illustrative of the same. By the late Isaac Hawkins Browne, Esq. 8vo. pp. 628. 15s. Cadell. 1822.

THE appearance of this posthumous work, serves to remind us of the gradual, but important alteration, which is taking place in English society. The author, the late Mr. Hawkins Browne, belonged to a class which has already become scarce, and which will soon be altogether extinct. He sat in parliament for nearly thirty years, as an independent country gentleman. During the whole of that time he devoted himself to the various duties of the senate, and was accustomed to take a part in the most important discussions. His private life, was that of a scholar and a Christian, whose leisure is employed in extensive reading and profitable_meditation, and who is not unwilling to communicate the results of his study. We do not say that it is possible or desirable to convert all modern senators into men of this description; but when we observe the different characters which most of them assume, we cannot take leave of the old school, without feelings of regret and alarm.

If a young man of birth and fortune obtains a seat in the House of Commons, and wishes, without entangling himself in the trammels of party, to make use of his understanding and activity, the chances are, that he will go astray. He will be tempted to put himself forward in all causes, and upon all occasions, to become vice-president and orator to five hundred institutions; to be a police man, or a corn-law man, or a Lanark man, or a road man. He will move for a committee of the honourable house, and treat his constituents and correspondents with a journey to town at the public expense, for the sake of proving that there may be smoke without fire, or fire without smoke, plague without infection, or infec