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BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAIL ROAD.

We copy the following detailed account of a meeting of the citizens of Ross county, Ohio, from the Scioto Gazette:

In conformity with previous notice, a large and respectable meeting of the citizens of Chilicothe, and the county of Ross, was held at the courthouse on the 2d inst. for the purpose of taking into consideration the propriety of adopting measures for having continued the Rail way through this State, which the citizens of Maryland contemplate erecting from the city of Baltimore to some point on the Ohio river.

Anthony Walke, Esq. having been appointed chairman, and Isaac Curd, secretary, the following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted: Whereas the State of Maryland, by an act of her legislature, passed during the last session, did incorporate a company, to construct a Rail-way from the city of Baltimore to the Ohio river and whereas by a consenting act of the Virginia legislature, the aforesaid company are permitted to terminate said Rail-way on the Ohio river, within the territorial limits of that state. Provided that said termination shall not be made south of the mouth of the

Little Kenhawa river: and whereas, it is understood by this meeting, to be the intention of the Board of Directors to terminate this Rail-way on the Ohio river either at the Little Kenhawa, or between that

Resolved, That for the purpose of inviting the to the mind of the inquirer, the cultivation of the attention of such of our sister towns, as are equally female mind ought to be co-extensive with that of interested with us in promoting this great work of the other sex. Here we know the upholders of internal improvement, and in procuring its exten- modern darkness will exclaim, "What! Latin and sion, west, from the Ohio river; that a correspon Greek! Teach a lady Latin and Greek!" Nothing dence be immediately opened with them, invoking disconcerted, however, by such exclamations, we their aid and co-operation.

reply, yes-and Hebrew, too, if she chooses, and

Resolved, That for the purpose of carrying into modern languages, and the natural sciences, and effect the objects of this meeting, that the necessa- rhetoric, and the belles-lettres, and whatever else ry committees be appointed by nomination, or other- can add a single intellectual charm to beings on

wise.

whom the happiness of social intercourse so materially depends. There is no cause for alarm on this subject. Such an innovation carries with it nothing unnatural or unreasonable. On the contrary, reason

Whereupon the following gentlemen, viz: Wm. Creighton, Jr., Duncan McArthur, Edward King, Nathaniel Sawyer, Joseph Sill, James T. Worthing ton, and Dr. Isaac Curd, were appointed a commit and the spirit of the age imperiously demand it, and tee to correspond with the President and Directors sooner or later it must, unquestionably, be accomof the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road Company, for plished. A century and a half ago, our ancestors, the purpose of carrying into effect the foregoing in the most unbridled sketch of their imaginations, resolutions: and in aid of the same object, Robert could hardly have conceived of such an object as a Kercheval, John Bailhache, James S. Swearingen, modern well educated woman, scanty as her attainB. G. Leonard, John McCoy, Wm. McCarroll, and ments may be. But their notions were at war with Wm. Ross, were appointed a committee to corres- reason, and, accordingly, we see they have been pond with our sister towns, who may feel with us a exploded: nor less recreant are they to reason and community of interests in relation to the important the spirit of this age, who rest satisfied with the object embraced in the aforesaid resolutions.

The following resolution was then adopted:

prevailing imperfect system, and despair of, or discourage, still higher degrees of intellectual refine

Resolved, That the above preamble and resolument in that interesting sex.

tions be inserted in the newspapers published in the
town of Chilicothe.

ANTHONY WALKE, Chairman.

ISAAC CURD, Secretary.

NEW RAIL-WAY CARRIAGE.

Stockbridge, Mass. June 14.

RAIL-ROAD.-Among the useful improvements in the mechanic arts, the one we are about to mention, invented by our respected townsman, Mr. Richard P. Morgan, stands pre-eminent. It has been fairly tested by actual experiment.

We will now notice, particularly, some of the most popular objections to the system which we have been advocating. The most prominent of these is, that most of the studies contemplated by such a system would be of no practical benefit to the female, in the affairs of life. We are far from despising the popular taste of utility, in estimating the real value of these attainments. On the contrary, we believe it a very wise and sensible rule, and so far from shrinking from its application to our subject, we are persuaded that, if its terms be properly settled and understood, it will fully abide this test. The rule, however, is rather vague in its

point and the mouth of the Muskingum river: and This invention is an improved Rail way Carriage, term; and when it is asked, of what use to a female whereas, the extension of this Rail-way west, through which so reduces the friction, that one horse may is a liberal education? what good does it do? the the State of Ohio to the Great Miami Valley, would draw, with perfect ease, upon a level road, fifty tons. precise meaning of these terms must be settled.greatly add to the wealth, population and commer Mr. M. has proved this fact both upon a small ino- Now, in contemplating man, and what is conducive cial importance of the city of Baltimore; to the del, and upon a wagon capable of carrying the usual to his good, we must keep steadily in view the two value of the stock of the Rail-road Company, and weight of a common wagon, and if any advantage great departments of his nature; the animal, and

to the accommodation of the agricultural, manufac- was had, it was in favour of the latter. We believe, in the intellectual. We must not divorce them. If turing and commercial interests of that portion of all the experiments made by Mr. Tredgold, with the we do, and, more especially, if, in so doing, we adthe State of Ohio, through which this great avenue pulley and weight, he never succeeded in moving vance his animal above his intellectual capacities, to the ocean would pass-by opening to it and more than 150 lbs. with one pound. One pound at- we commit a shameful mutilation. Compounded, through it, a cheap, safe and speedy communication tached to this carriage, and suspended over a pulley, therefore, as man is of these two distinct natures, with the middle and Atlantic cities; and in particu- moved quickly seven hundred pounds. it is evident that what may be good for one may be lar by throwing directly open to the city of Balti- It will be exhibited in Boston. Friction is obviat- bad for the other. Thus, the favourite indulgences more, the trade of the fairest and most fertile, (and ed at the axles, by means of four additional wheels, of the epicure may be grateful to his animal nature, which is destined, in time, to be) the richest and most populous interior division of the western country. Therefore,

Resolved, That the mouth of the Little Kenhawa presents the most eligible point, in the judgment of this meeting, for the contemplated Rail-way to terminate, on the left bank of the Ohio.

which operate as roilers on the ground axle-the but they gradually subvert his intellect: and so
friction wheels move one round, only, in going a those pursuits which enable us to accumulate wealth
quarter of a mile We have seen this invention in and place within our reach the whole circle of ani-
operation, and fully believe that it will place Rail- mal gratifications, leave no room for the improve-
roads on a ground where canals can no longer come ment and gratification of our intellectual capacities;
in competition with them.
which frequently, in the midst of material abun-

We conceive this to be one of the most important dance, go stinted and starving through life. Now,

Resolved, That the continuation of this great improvements ever invented, and, we think it is not if the idea of good is to have relation, only, to. avenue to the ocean, west, from the Ohio river, too much to say, will eventually supply the place those things which go to feed and sustain our through this State to the Great Miami Valley, and of steam, on level roads, in all countries; as the ex- perishable bodies, which make us rich, and place ultimately from thence to the Valley of the Wabash, pense of this Railway Carriage is, comparatively us above animal want, then, unquestionably, the and to the Mississippi itself, as the settlement, popu- very small.

lation and trade of that rich and fertile region of country shall justify such extension-is a policy founded in the strongest and most powerful public reasons, based upon the wisest and safest calculations of interest to the city of Baltimore, and sup ported by the claims and considerations of one of the richest and most fertile countries in the world.

Resolved, That in the opinion of this meeting, measures ought to be taken to represent to the Board of Directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail road Company, the vast importance of extending this Rail way, west, both to them and to us; and of calling their immediate attention to a full consideration of the subject.

LADIES' DEPARTMENT.

ON FEMALE EDUCATION.
(Concluded from p. 102.)

whole round of literary tastes and attainments may be considered the greatest curses which can befall a human being; but we shall arrive at exactly the contrary conclusion, if we bear in mind the intellect of man, and the good, or rather, the sublime and indescribable enjoyment which this, the most dignified department of his nature, derives from cultivation. On this point, we might appeal to the consistency of our opponents. Would they be willing to expunge from the system of male education all those studies which are not pretended to be of any use, or to do any good, in the narrower and re

But it may be proper to state our views as to the
extent to which, in our opinion, female education
ought to be carried: and here we have to array
ourselves, at once, against all the prejudices of so-
ciety on this subject; for we hesitate not to declare
our opinion, thut with the exception of a few stu- stricted, or rather, as we would prefer calling it, the
dies, such, for instance, as political economy, and animal sense of these terms? In the controversy,
some others, which will readily suggest themselves for example, which is now waging between what

prescribed for this discussion.

SPORTING OLIO.

may be termed the old school, and certain new lights intended to have noticed a few more of these, but in literature, who, of late years, have maintained have, already, far exceeded the limits which we the heresy that the study of the dead languages, even by the male sex, ought to be abolished, do the In conclusion, notwithstanding our animadverformer pretend to rest the argument on the mere sions on some of the remaining errors of society on utility of these languages, in the sense in which this subject, yet, on the whole, justice constrains that time is applicable to reading, writing and arith us to acknowledge, in the present day, a considerametic? On the contrary, do they not rest the claims ble relaxation of prejudice, which we cannot but of these languages solely on their tendency to im- regard as a sure earnest of better things for the fuprove and gratify the taste and imagination? Why, ture. That the spirit of modern improvement, then, debar from the high privileges of a liberal which appears, in its various objects, to aim at course of study, the softer sex, who are admitted scarcely less than perfection, should, in this import- was decided yesterday on the Trotting Course

to possess at least equally nice sensibilities, and natures equally alive to every intellectual enjoyment, on grounds which are wholly rejected when applied to the male sex?

TROTTING.

A bet of one thousand dollars, to trot against time,

ant pursuit, have entirely rested from its labours, Long Island. The conditions of the bet were to
and settled down contented with its present achieve- trot in harness fifteen miles within an hour, which
ments, would be as natural as it would be lamenta- was performed by the Long-island horse Whalebone,
ble. We console ourselves that such is not the fact. in fifty-six minutes, notwithstanding the heaviness
We recognize a gradual improvement, but we have of the course owing to the rain which fell the night
to lament that it is by no means proportioned to the preceding and in the forenoon of the day of the race.
intrinsic importance of the subject itself, and much The 14th mile was accomplished in 3 minutes and
less to its relative importance, when compared with 10 seconds, and the last, (15th mile,) in 3 minutes
the other great and leading interests of society, and 5 seconds and what is very remarkable, the
which, in the present day, have been hurried for- horse came in at the end of the race in gallant style,
ward with such a rapid and almost incredible pace, not appearing more distressed than the common run
in the career of improvement. We hope some of horses would in performing the same distance at
abler advocate may awaken the public to the im-
portance of this subject; and that the time is not
far distant when woman, already rich in so many
attractions, shall find the consummation of them all
in the due cultivation of those intellectual gifts
which heaven has so bountifully bestowed upon

Another objection, frequently urged against a course of liberal education in females, is, that in the multiplicity of studies which enter into such a course, they can find no time to devote to the most important of all studies to a female, that of domes tic economy. It is not our purpose to disturb that wise distribution of duties and pursuits which society has established between the sexes. We are not for converting the fair and delicate part of creation into heroines and statesmen, or even into authoress He would certainly show himself but an equi vocal friend to their best interests, who would seek to disqualify them for the peculiar duties of the domestic circle, and to draw them out from that modest and unobtrusive sphere of action, into the noisy her. scenes of active life; to embroil them in the turmoils of business, or the jarring conflicts of mascu line ambition. On the contrary, it is at home that woman is always the most lovely. That is her natural and appropriate sphere; and it is wide enough

es.

THE MAID'S SOLILOQUY.

(A maiden alone-Milton in her hand. She opens at
the passage, Hail wedded love! mysterious law, &c.
She then soliloquises.)

for the exhibition of all her virtues, and the gratin. It

must be so! Milton thou reasonest well; cation of all her tastes. Domestic economy is, undoubtedly, her peculiar department. If ignorant of Else whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire, this. she may almost be said to know nothing; and This longing after matrimony? any system of female education, in which this acOr whence this secret dread, this inward horror complishment should be neglected, ought to be reOf dying unespoused? why shrinks the heart jected as manifestly defective. But let us look a Back on itself and startles at celibacy? little further into this objection, even admitting it 'Tis reason, faithful reason, stirs within us; to be well founded in point of fact. Domestic eco "Tis nature's self that points out an alliance, nomy is to a woman, what the great business and And intimates a husband to the sex. duty of life is to a man. Now, by way of another Marriage! thou pleasing, and yet anxious thought! appeal to the consistency of our opponents, we 'Thro' what new and various changes must we pass! would ask them, do they reject the present system The marriage state in prospect lies before me, of male education, because young men come out of But shadows, clouds and darkness rest upon it. college, green in the ways of the world, unacquaint- Here will I hold - If nature prompts the wish,ed with human nature, and but little qualified to And that she does is plain from all her worksenter immediately on the great business of life? Our duty, interest, pleasure bid, indulge it, Such, unquestionably, is the fact; fact; and so, to a cer- For the great end of nature's law is bliss,

tain extent, it must ever continue. A knowledge of But yet-in wedlock-the woman must obey-
mankind, a tact for business, can be acquired only
by experience. Precisely so with females. We
cannot expect a young miss, of sixteen, to emerge
from boarding school an accomplished and thrifty
housewife, and fully qualified to take the head of a
domestic establishment. The evil appears to be
equally incipient to both sexes; not so much grow-
ing out of any particular systems of education, as
resulting from nature herself. Yet this objection
is never urged against the present course of male
education. If there is any difference in the two
cases, it is, evidently, in favour of female edu-
cation: because, at school or at college there is
no professor who can teach young men human na-
ture. This is the acquisition of dear experience in
after life; whereas, the principles and practices of
female economy may be taught, very advantageous
ly, to the pupils of a female boarding school. This
may constitute a regular part of their system of
study: and, if we are not misinformed, it has alrea-
dy been elevated to that dignity in some of our
most celebrated female seminaries. This last ob-
jection, therefore, appears to be as unsubstantial as
the many others, with which the opponents of im-
provement endeavour to support their position. We

I'm weary of these doubts, the priest shall end 'em
Nor rashly do I venture loss and gain,
Pleasure and bondage meet my thoughts at once.
I wed-my liberty is gone forever,
But happiness itself from this secured!
Love first shall recompence my loss,
And when my charms shall have faded,
Mine eyes grow dim, and stature bent with years,
Thou virtuous friendship shall succeed to love;
Thus pleased, I'll scorn infirmity and death,
Renewed successively in another's race.

A QUESTION.

I am constrain'd to plant a grove,
To entertain the maid I love;
This grove, she says, I must compose,
Of just nine trees in ten straight rows;
And three in ev'ry row must place,
Or ne'er expect to see her face;
But if the grove in order rise,
I win the maid, a glorious prize.
Ye men of arts, with honour crown'd,
Lend me your aid to work the ground,
That this fantastic grove may shade
The blushes of this charming Maid.

V.

the rate of eight miles the hour. The owner has offered to trot him seventeen miles in an hour, for a thousand dollars.

RACE-NO RACE.

A match was to be trotted yesterday, near Bristol, by the Philadelphia horse Bull Calf, and the New York horse Rattler, for a purse of $4000-but the New York owners withdrew their horse and gave up the forfeit of $500. [U. S. Gaz.

HUNTING.

There recently went out in Tuftonborough two rival parties, for the purpose of hunting, whose object was both utility and amusement, and their adventures were crowned with brilliant success. They started a little before sunrise, fifteen in each party, with their guns, and returned about sunset, both parties having killed 621 wild animals of different kinds; among which were 368 squirrels, and a large number of crows and other animals hostile to the

coming fruits of the season. By the lovers of sporting the day was passed in high glee, and both parties separated amicably in the evening, proud of the idea that they had rid the good farmer of a few of his most troublesome enemies.-[Dover, N. H. Gaz.

MR. SKINNER,

MISCELLANEOUS.
COCKROACHES.

For the information of Mr. Simon Magwood, of Charleston, South Carolina, who is a great deal plagued with the above vermin, and wishes to get acquainted with the plant Hellebore-I can inform him, upon many trials, that it has very little or no effect; but I can give him a better remedy. Let him go to a china store, and buy a few glazed deep basins; put them every evening close to the wall, and the next morning he will find, to his great astonishment, what numbers have been caught.

AMERICAN CHEESE.

From our correspondent at Philadelphia, we have some account of the cheese market; and as a large portion of our readers are farmers, who depend principally on the productions of their dairies for a supply of their wants, we hasten to lay before them such information as we possess. It appears that there was on hand, in Philadelphia market, on the 2d inst. from 400 to 500 casks of old cheese, averaging about 200 lbs. -in all say 75,000 lbs. The following are extracts:

"There was rising of 50 casks sold at auction

yesterday, at from 14 to 6 cents per lb.-most of it

from 2 to 24.

"We made an estimate the other day, and found that the enormous quantity of 200,000 lbs. of cheese had perished in this market, the last year, by fire and the heat of the season; 150,000 lbs. we can reckon at twice-which ought to be stated, for the purpose of showing that too much cheese is made. 150,000 lbs. has actually been destroyed by fire and hot weather, and there is still an overplus of at least 65,000 lbs.

"This is only the state of our market; the other markets, New York and Baltimore, have been glutted all the year, and can tell of large quantities that have perished besides."

200,000 lbs. of cheese comes to $20,000, at ten cents a pound. The protecting duty, or duty on foreign cheese, is 9 cents a pound.

THE PULSE.

A case was lately admitted into St. Thomas's Hospital, London, which points out the necessity of examining the pulse in both wrists. The patient (a man) had received a severe contusion on the left side of the abdomen. The surgeon finding the pulse of the left wrist so small and weak as scarcely to be distinguishable, supposed that an external bleeding

which I believe are rated per cent. upon the sales.

A FARM TO RENT.

week, picking up, at fixed points, and stated times, N. B. In the currency of this country, a groat is
a number of small articles, which are now, either not valued as equal to one cent-which is the nearest
cultivated, or are allowed to rot for want of demand? calculation we can make; although 1-25, or one
"Every little makes a mickle," says Poor Richard. twenty-fifth part more, 72 groats being equal 75 cts.
Raspberries are selling in our market to day for 'The nett amount of sales mentioned in the within
twenty-five cents a quart, and apricots for 183 letter, clear of all charges and deductions, will be
cents per dozen. Do the farmers on that shore for- something like the following, viz:-41 hhds. Ken-
get that scarce one of them lives further from tucky, $3.81 per cwt.; 34 Maryland, $5.50 per cwt.;
navigable water than many of our market garden- 39 do. $7.18t per do.; 7 do. Virginia, $5.25 per do.
ers--our vegetables come in to us by land, from a -as the charges upon the low qualities and the
circuit of four or five miles--our best fresh butter is high qualities are the same, except the commissions,
sent in by land from farms 10 and even 15 miles
distant--but the printer's boy is at our elbow and
we must despatch the subject for the present; the
text will admit of amplification, let us only add,
that for $1000 a 10 horse steam engine can be had
at Pittsburg. For what sum could boats be built of
plain solid unornamented construction, adapted
strictly to the purposes here hinted at? Provide the
facilities and cultivate the commodities, and the
boats themselves will soon become so many floating
market wagons. The owners of them or hucksters
will buy, on all the tide waters, and sell in our mar-
ket here, for an advance that will pay freight and a
small commission. No state in the Union enjoys such
advantages, yet none is so grievously depressed at
a moment of more leisure we shall illustrate this as-
sertion, and point out as well as we can, the causes

had taken place, and cordials were in consequence of this depression. The better judgment and supe-
freely exhibited to keep up the vital functions. On rior sagacity of those to whom we address ourselves
the following day, the left pulse was in the same will discover the remedy-Will they apply it?

state, and observing symptoms indicative of increas

ed action of the head, and fulness of the sangufferons

system, he examined the pulse in the right wrist, which he found to be full and beat with such force that he lost no time, in abstracting blood. The left pulse was not affected by the loss of blood, and continued very feeble when he had nearly recovered.

THE FARMER.

BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, JUNE 29, 1827.

We have been requested by a member of the

To be rented, a FARM containing about sixty acres, whereof twenty-five acres were set last spring in clover-and seven acres are getting ready to be put in timothy; four miles from the city. A person who can come well recommended for good management and sobriety, will meet with good terms, and the stock, if required, will be found.

BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT.

Reported for the American Farmer, by Lewis Sutton & Co. ble change since last week; a good deal has been sold TOBACCO. Our tobacco market has met no perceptiat our former quotations. The last few days we have closed the sales of twenty or thirty hogsheads from St. Mary's and Calvert counties-a part of H. Lyles', of Calvert, are amongst the number, at $4.00 a 4.50. Better qualities are better prices. Inspected last week, at the three State warehouses, ending Saturday, 790 hhds. -whole number inspected this year, 8329 hhds.

Seconds, as in quality, $2.50 a 6.00-common crop,

3.00 a 3.50-Do. red, 4.00 a 4.50-good red, 5.00 6.00-Fine red, 7.00 a 8.00-Yellow and red, 7.00 a

Committee of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road
Company, who lately visited Mauch Chunck, to
state that there is an error in the printed copy of 10.00-Yellow, 10.00 a 15.00-Fine Yellow, 15.00 a
their Report, which represents the chute at the ter- 25.00-Fine Virginia fat, 6.00 a 8.00-Rappahannock,

mination of this road near to the Lehigh river to be
700 yards long-the actual length being 700 feet.

Those Editors who have copied the report, will
please correct this error.

THE SEASON AND THE CROPS.-There has not been for many years past, a season so favourable as this has been for crops of grain, grass, corn, tobacco, &c. and if the Farmer could have been favoured for the next two weeks with a continuation of necessary to the execution of the trust confided to

3.50-Kentucky, fine, 4.00 a 5.50--do. for wrapping,

7.00 a 8.00.

Capt. M'NEAL and Doctor Howard, detailed by the War Department to assist in the necessary surveys for the Rail-way to the Ohio, have arrived in this city with a view to commence their labours. 9.00 a 11.00-North Carolina, 9.00 a 10.00-Louisiana, The Directors of the company are pushing with industry and the best judgment, every other measure them. Their constituents may rely on their activity, but they must not expect them to overlook the

the cool and clear weather, which prevailed for a
month past, his grain and grass crops might have
been saved in fine order; but we heartily regret homely old maxim-"Sure bind, sure find."

CORDAGE.

South Carolina, June 15, 1827.

there is too much reason to apprehend, during the
harvest season a prevalence of damp sultry wea-
ther.-It was
weather during
to owing
during the last
year's harvest, like that which now threatens to
continue for some days that the grain was damag-ers will find it difficult next year to obtain cordage

ed, and having been sown without sufficient examination of its condition, caused the present crop, of course, to be too thin; otherwise this would have been the most abundant harvest which has been known since 1816, especially on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, where the fly has been less injurious than on this shore. The grain, so far, promises to be excellent in weight and quality.

MR. SKINNER,
It is said in Charleston, that the southern plant-

for their cotton. Sufficient is not likely to be had
from Kentucky. Is there any way of accounting
for this circumstance? Not, surely, in any deficien-
cy of duty on foreign hemp. Be pleased to notice
the fact. Yours, &c.

AMPHICON.

TOBACCO MARKET AT BREMEN.

Extract of a letter from Balfour C. Bailey, merchant
of Bremen, to Lewis Sutton, of Baltimore, dated
April 28, 1527.

"SIR, For three weeks past but little has been
transpiring in the article, and at this moment Mary-
land descriptions have depreciated fully 1 gts. per

Referring to the Eastern Shore, we cannot re-
frain from the expression of regret, that our friends
in that quarter should avail themselves to such a
limited extent, of unparalleled advantages. Scarcely
a farmer is more than five miles from the clean shore
of some deep and placid water course, that tempts lb. This decline is not attached to any particular
him to send a thousand "odds and ends," by a sort, as all kinds, without exception, labour under a

FLOUR-Howard-st. $5.00-City mills, standard, 4.624 a 4.75-Susquehanna, $4.371 a 4.50-CORN MEAL, per barrel, 2.75 a 2.874--WHEAT, best white, .90 a 93ordinary, good .85 a 90-inferior, .70 a 75-CORN,.44 a.48-RYE, .55 a 60-OATS, 41 a.43-WHITE BEANS, 1.25-PEAS, .60--CLOVER seed, 4.00 a 4.50---TIMOTHY, 3.00-BARLEY, 1.00-FLAXSEED, .90-Соттом, Virginia, 11.00 a 13.00-Upland, fair, 10.00 a 11.00-WOOL, country, washed on the sheep's back, 18.00 a 22.00-mixt do. 20.00 a 22.00-half blood, 24.00 a 26.00-threequarters, 28.00 a 30.00-full blood, 30.00 a 35.00-FISH, Herrings, No. 1, p. bbl. 2.25 a 2.50-Shad, in good order, 6.00 a 7.00-Mackerel, 4.50 a 5.50 a 6.00-BACON, best hams, 9.00 a 10.00-hog around, 5.00 a 6.00-country, 5.50-WHISKEY, in hhds. .29; in barrels 30.-FEATHERS, .28 .29--LIVE STOck, beef on hoof, 5.00 a 5.50 -Pork do. 4 a 4.50- Veal-3.00-Lambs, do. 1.50 a 2.00.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

An Inaugural Essay on the Vegetation of Plants, by S. S. Griffin, of Virginia-On Grasses and other Plants,

with notes, &c. (Medicago lupulina, black nonsuch, trefoil medick; Hedysarum onobrychis, sainfoin, or cock'shead,) continued-The parent-plant of the cultivated Potatoe-On watering Potatoe beds-On Wheat and Cheat-On Salt, as a Manure-Consumption of Cotton in France, Switzerland, and the United States-A valuable experiment in Harvesting, without the use of rum -Mammoth Hogs in Vermont-Essay on the cultivation

of Silk, continued-Visit to Messrs. David & Cuthbert Landreth's Nursery and Seed Garden, near Philadelphia -Prodigious Cucumber-Large Carrots-To Destroy Caterpillars-To remove the taste of garlic or turnips from Milk-Proceedings in Ross county, Ohio, respecting the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-way-New Rail-way Carriage-Essay on Female Education, concluded-Po

safe unbroken navigation to a market of 80,000 dai- depreciating influence. Sales for the week were at etry, The Maid's Soliloquy; A Question-Trotting-Race ly consumers--yet the practice is to rely almost ex- auction, 41 hhds. Kentucky, at 6 13-16; 34 do. Ma- no Race-Hunting-To Destroy Cockroaches-Cheese clusively on wheat and corn! Now, that the art of ryland, at 8 7-16; 39 do. at 10 3-16; and 7 do. Vir- Market-The Pulse-Editorial-Cordage-Tobacco at applying steam to navigation has been so much sim-ginia, at 8 9-16 gts. per lb.-besides which, 20 hhds.

plified and cheapened, would it not be easy to at Maryland, and 15 do. Virginia, were sold privately. tach an engine of small power, to boats of plain The imports of all sorts this week are very extenstrong construction, which should sweep along the sive, viz: 1835 hhds. and 40,000 lbs. stems, which shores of all their fine rivers two or three times alincreases our stocks."

Bremen-Advertisement-Prices Current.

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No. 16. VOL. 9.

AGRICULTURE.

AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, July 6, 1827.

(From the Massachusetts Agricultural Journal.)

ON THE COMPARATIVE VALUE OF OXEN

AND HORSES

FOR AGRICULTURAL LABOURS.

121

ed one acre per diem with four oxen, while his neighbours performed the same work with an equal

number of horses.

in every place: whereas the husbandman hath se- their allotted work of ploughing, carrying corn, veral pastures to put his oxen in, when they come dung, &c. in all respects as well as two horses, fro their warke; there the ox-ploughe is better. For though not with equal celerity. The late Lord an oxe may not endure his warke, to labour all Kaimes states,* that Col. Pole, lately deceased, of daye, and than to be put to the commons, or before Radburne, in Derbyshire, ploughed as much ground the herdman, and to be sette in a foulde al nyghte with three oxen, as his neighbours did with four or without meate. But and he be put in a good pas- five horses; feeding them in summer with grass, This is a subject which has already occupied ture all nyghte, he will labour much of all the daye and in winter with straw, when moderately worked, many pages of our journal, but not in any degree dayely. or, when much worked, with hay or turnips. The in proportion to its vital importance. The increase "And oxen wyl plowe in tough clay and upon late right honourable Edmund Burke, at his ground of manufactures produces an increase of the use of hylly ground, whereas horses wyl stand styll. And near Beaconsfield, in the county of Bucks, ploughhorse labour, and threatens a change in our habits whereas is now suerall pastures, there the horseand usages-a change which we think would be plowe is better, for the horses may be teddered, or most disastrous. Whether the recent projects of tyed, upon leys, balkes, or hades, whereas oxen may canals, some of which we apprehend, from what not be kept; and it is not used to tedder them, but we know of this part of our country would be much better on paper than on terra firma, will effect any change in this respect, we cannot say; but this we must believe, that New England, the whole of it, is deeply interested in preferring the ox to the horse, as an animal for labour. It is pretty well known that horses are chiefly employed in cultivation in England; but there have been always sensible men in that country, so crowded with population-so destitute of extensive pastures, and therefore less adapted to grazing, (except their sheep walks,) who no shoes as the horses have.' [But the practice is used in the plough, when the horses are sent for have in all ages protested against cultivation by now changed as to this point, and the shoeing of lime, or to market.†

horses.

In ploughing and rolling, oxen are extremely use

in few places. And horses wyl go faster than oxen ful. Horses are better in harrows, from their quick on even grounde or lighte grounde, and be quicker step, by which the pulverization of the soil is accelefor carriage; but they be farre more costly to kepe rated: in harvest, likewise, when expedition is necesin winter, for they must have bothe hey and corn sary, horses are preferable. In breaking up old to eate, and strawe for litter; they must be well turf-land, however, oxen are better in the plough, all foure fete; and the gere that they their motion being more steady than that of horses; shall drawe with is more costly than for the oxen, the flag is less broken in turning over, which is a and shorter whyle it will last. And oxen wyll cat great advantage. For short carriages, as in cartbut straw and a lyttel hey, the whiche is not half ing dung, turnips, &c. the advantage of using oxen the coste, that the horses must have, and they have must be very great; and they may occasionally be

shodde on

oxen, though essentially necessary, is infinitely For the two following facts, which evince the su

Recently the question has been agitated in Ma- cheaper than that required for horses.] "And if any periority of oxen, even under circumstances unfaryland, with some zeal on both sides, and we have sorance come to the horse, or waxe old, broysed, vourable to these animals, we are indebted to that thought we could not render a more acceptable ser- or blynde, than he is lyttle worthe; and if any sor- enlightened agriculturist, Lord Somerville, of whom vice to our readers, than by giving them the argu- ance come to an oxe, or he waxe olde, broysed, or we have already had occasion to make honourable ments of distinguished cultivators in England on blynde, he will sell for ii s. and than he is manne's mention.

new to

us,

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this subject: not that they are but meate, and as or better than ever he was.the coincidence of opinion will have its deserved And the horse, when he dyeth, is but caryen. And ciety, his lordship was informed, by a spectator of weight.

therefore, meseemeth, all thinges considered, the undoubted veracity, that several ploughs were en

ploughe of horses.'*

The principal argument of the advocates for cul- ploughe of oxen is much more profitable than the tivation by horses, in Maryland seems to be the su perior speed of the horse. Now this must proceed For the length of this extract from the learned us, judge, (who was himself a practical husbandman, from an imperfect training of the cattle. With us, our cattle an acre ground much betand consequently has here

result of

ter, and in will plough are offronorses would years experience,) its excellence, we trust, will be a

tered for the prizes given; and, to the surprise of every one, the oxen beat the horses in speed; they were worked in pairs only, without drivers. These animals, he states, were not selected from the breeds most esteemed for labour, but from the oxen of that country

do it, unless they can trot their horses in the plough. suficient apology; as when taken in connexion with Of the succeeding instance, Lord S. was himself So they will get in a ton of hay in as short a time, the account of Fleta, it will present a striking re- an eye-witness. In May, 1803, a meeting was held On this topic we beg to introduce some extracts cord, or document, of the superior utility of oxen at Burnham Wyck, in the county of Essex, to award from English and Scotch writers, where all the pre- over horses. In order, however, that this impor- three prizes, which were given for the best plough. judices are in favour of horses.

tant subject may be placed in as clear a point of ing. Upwards of twenty ploughs started, three of

"Few subjects have, of late years, more exercis- view as possible, we shall proceed to contrast the which were each worked by three pair of oxen, ed the ingenuity of theorists, and the attention of respective services of the two animals, supporting without drivers. These animals were bred on the farmers, than the question concerning the superiori- our remarks on modern data; though, probably, some estate, and of a sort which are deemed by no means ty of oxen to horses The use of these animals, of the preceding strictures may seem to render well adapted to labour; the horse ploughs were even under many impediments, has been persevered them unnecessary. And, when it is considered, picked teams. The difference of time in finishing in for many ages, and will continue in every coun- that oxen, fit for grazing, are now of rare occur- the work allotted was, to the best of his lordship's try where a breed of cattle exists which are active rence, it becomes daily a question of greater moof themselves, and of form and size well calculat- ment, particularly as it respects the supply of our ed for labour. And in the ancient law work, deno-navy.

a

minated Fleta, which is supposed to have been 1. With regard to their original price, or cost.
written about the time of Henry 1.) we have indu- The prime cost of an ox, upon an average, is at
bitable evidence, not only that oxen were then com- least one half less than the price of a horse; hence
monly used for the purposes of husbandry, but also it is obvious that an ox of the value of 71. or Sl. will
of their operiority over horses. The author of perform the same quantity of work as a horse worth
that wok states, ist, that two oxen and two horses 14l. or 16l. This is a circumstance of no small im-
will pough as much in one day as four horses; 2dly, portance to a young farmer, to whom labouring cat
thatin heavy land, oxen made a stronger draught;*
3dy, that a horse requires the sixth part of a
bushel of oats per diem, whereas, for a whole week,
three one-half measures of oats (ten of which make
a bushel,) are sufficient for an ox; lastly, that an
old horse is of no value except for his skin; while
an ox, after being past labour, will yield a good
price when fattened.t

tle are the most expensive part of his stock, as he
can thus be enabled to branch out his capital into
various useful channels.

2. With respect to labour.

By By well known means the nature of the bull is tamed; and, when properly broken, the ox becomes as tractable, and may be trained to the plough or to draught as easily as horses. Of this we have numerous instances. Messrs. Culleys, of the coun

"Equally strenuous in favour of these animals is the author of the 'Boke of Husbandry, Judge Fitz herbert, who lived in the time of Henry VIII. It ty of Northumberland, employ 150 oxen in the is to be known,' says he, 'whether is better a plough draught, which practice they have followed, with of horses, or a plough of oxen, and therein me- great success, for more than thirty years. The aniseemeth ought to be made a distinction. For in mals are used singly in carts, and two in a plough, somme places a horse plough is better; that is to say, with cords, without a driver; and thus they perform

* Fleta, lib. ii. c. 73, s. 2. No. 16. -VOL. 9.

† Ibid. s. 3.

* "Boke of Husbandry," p. 78. Edit. 1767.

remembrance, about twelve or fourteen minutes between the average of the horse and ox teams; so that, supposing them to be an hour and an half longer in their day's work, the difference in the time of rest will be, if any thing, in favour of the oxen; because animals which perspire by the tongue do not require the dressing and attention demanded by those whose perspiration escapes by the skin.

The following is his lordship's method of working oxen: the animals are broken in at three years old, their first half year's work being easy. At six years old they are sold to graziers, and in eight months they come to Smithfield good beef. In the intervening period his work is done at the rate of about eighty acres of tillage to four oxen; and his twelve oxen, exclusive of his three-years old steers, will work thirty acres of land per week, when not employed in carrying lime or manure, which is ten

* The Gentleman Farmer," p. 30, 1802;

interesting and practical work on husbandry, to which

we are indebted for some of the following hints and facts.

Sir John Sinclair's Account of the Systems of Husbandry in Scotland, vol. i. p. 123, which contains numerous important facts relative to the working of oxen. † Farmer's Magazine," vol. iv. p. 343.

acres per week for each four oxen, or five acres for each pair; that is, two acres per diem for four days in the week, for cach team of four, allowing them two resting days. Thus their daily labour is completed in seven hours and a half, which gives them sixteen hours for rest. Lord S. remarks, that if they were allowed corn, they would probably do more work; and, if they did less, he would not employ them at all. He allows one horse for every 100 acres of land, for extra work, and no larger

number.

Lastly. Before we conclude the present contrast, as it respects labour, we would observe, that oxen are preferable to horses for steady draught, as they uniformly pull to their strength without variation; whereas the last mentioned animals are apt to stop on encountering the slightest resistance. And though it is objected that oxen are unfit for draught in mountainous situations, yet, let it be recollected, that under such circumstances, no draught can well be used; and that the descending of steep hills is, in all respects, as dangerous to horses as to oxen. In addition to the facts already stated, it may be added, that notwithstanding oxen have less air and spirit than a horse, their motion is not materially slower; and as the labours of husbandry are regular and progressive, the step of these animals will be found little inferior to that of the horse. They are, in deed, reputed to be less expeditious for galloping or trotting; but repeated instances have occurred,

where Sussex oxen have beaten horses at the plough

in the deepest clay; and the Herefordshire breed is admitted to be superior to any other in long journeys, for conveying chalk, or other heavy substances, over a hilly and flinty country road. In the north of England, we understand that it is not an unfrequent occurrence, to see a light ox saddled, and briskly trotting along the road, obedient to his rider's voice: the Devonshire cattle also walk with uncommon speed; and, if four or five horses can till 100 acres of land, the same work might doubtless be equally well performed by a similar number of the Devonshire or Herefordshire breeds, provided they were trained and fed with a special view to speed, with the same care as horses.

3. Comparative expense of keep and general savings.

1. Oxen are easily supported, during the severity of winter, on straw, turnips, and other vegetables, of which a particular detail will be given, infra, chapter 3, sec. 2. Besides, as ruminating animals possess stronger digestive organs, every thing capable of affording nourish ment is extracted from their food.

2. Every day that oxen

are employed, they earn more than their keep; while, if properly fed, they will require no other care.

3. The gear necessary for a pair of oxen may be procured at a very moderate price.

4. At the end of five, six, or seven years, during which they will have

more than compensated the cost of keeping them, they are in prime order for fattening; and,

when fit for sale, produce to their owner a

handsome sum, varying

indeed according to the

state of the markets, but ultimately bringing him a considerable clear

profit. 'The same event will follow, if, through accident, the beast is lamed, or rendered unfit for work.

ble to spasms, farcy, the leaves towards the roots of the plant; for if we glanders, foundering, make an incision, as instructed by Bell in the Mancankers, and a host of chester Memoirs, 2d vol: more of the succus prodiseases too numerous prius flows from the side of the wound which is to be here specified, next to the leaves and branches, than from the from all which oxen are other side. When, too, a ligature surrounds a plant, exempted, (these ani- a swelling appears above, but not below the ligamals being subject to ture.

few diseases, except a The air vessels, or trachea, are formed of thin, scouring, or looseness, narrow plates, spirally contorted. They run in a that reduces their va- longitudinal direction, occupying every part of the lue;) while horses are, plant except the bark. By stripping a young branch by sudden illness, or of its bark, and then drawing the two extremities lameness, speedily di- of the bough in opposite directions, the spiral apminished in value, from pearance of these vessels is immediately seen.forty to four guineas, From a supposition that they contained air only, and at length become these vessels have derived their name. But the refood for dogs, their hide searches of Reichel and Hedwig have discovered that they serve for the conveyance of certain juices as well as air.

only being in any degree serviceable to man kind

Another advantage arising from the keeping of

The medullary vessels are merely the cells constituting the medulla, or pith, which may be assimi

oxen preferably to horses will be, the introduction lated to the tela cellulosa of animals. These me. of a more lenient conduct towards those useful ani- dullary vessels are never assembled in bundles. Exmals; and, as has been judiciously observed, in proportion as ox teams are used, they certainly di minish animal suffering; for no man will work his ox team so hard, or feed it so inadequately, as horse teams are sometimes worked and supported, merely with the view of gratifying a false vanity.

The following comparative statement of the expense of keeping, management, &c. of horses and oxen, will probably elucidate the facts above attempted to be brought together.

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1.30 0 old,

Keep, shoeing,
attendance, &c.
for ten years,
at 30l. per ann. 300 0

Deduct the value of skin and carrion,

1. Horses require to be
fed with hay, oats, or
beans, articles which Total cost of

horse,

Difference in fa

330 0

11

1.528 19 80 0

vour of the ox, 1.248 19

can only be purchased Ditto of ox,
at a heavy expense.-
The digestive powers of
a horse are weak, so
that, upon an average,
two-thirds more are ne-
cessary for him than are
required by an ox, in
order to afford the same
nourishment.

cept in elder and a few other plants, the pith is in small quantity, and its vessels pass off horizontally, like diverging rays, from the centre towards the circumference of the plant. In monocotyledonous plants, according to Desfontaines, they do not form diverging rays; the pith is far more abundant, and completely envelops the ligneous

fibres, which are not formed in concentric teatas but are irregularly disposed, and more distant from each other, nearer to the centre of the plant than

towards the circumference.

The absorbent vessels appear to be very numerous in the radicles of plants, and on the surface of their leaves. Their office is to imbibe or take up 1.20 0 whatever constitutes the food of the plant. Dr. Darwin considers the tracheæ, already described, as absorbents.

Keep, &c. for ten years, at 10l. per annum, 100 0

Deduct the value of fat,

Total cost of an ox,

VEGETATION.

The excretory vessels have been satisfactorily shewn to exist by Dr. Hales upon the surface of the 1.120 0 trunk, branches, leaves and flowers. He found that a very considerable part of the moisture, absorbed by the roots of plants, is perspired; and ex40 0 periments, of a date more recent, attest that oxygen gas is excreted from the leaves of plants. According to Humboldt, the liquids excreted from the roots 1.80 0 of some plants, are injurious and even pernicious to other plants in their vicinity. "Sic læditur avena," says he, "a serratula arvensi, Triticum ab Erigero Acri, Linum ab Euphorbia Peplo Scabiosa arvensi, Polygonum Fagopyrum a spergula arvensi." The existence of secretory vessels cannot be questioned. Their office is to secrete juices of utility in the economy of the vegetable. A glandular apparatus generally accompanies them. The utricles are the secreting vessels

"Dicite: quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba; Et nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos, Nunc frondent silvæ, nunc formosissimus annus." VIRGIL: ECLOG: 2.

et

It has already been observed that the sap is the general humour of vegetables; that it mounts to

2. A horse not only re- An Inaugural Essay on the Vegetation of Plants-by the leaves, and that from it are secreted the proper

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Samuel Stuart Griffin, A. B. of Virginia. Phœbe fave! Novus ingreditur tua Templa Sacerdos. TIBULLUS. (Concluded from p. 115.)

The proper vessels are larger than the sap ves

sels; they serve for the secretion of the various juices and to preserve them unmingled with the general mass of humours. Hence juices of different natures, of very different colour and consistence, are found in the same vegetable, and frequently in the same organ. The sap, it appears, mounts to the leaves, and there by elaboration having undergone certain alterations, is changed into the succus proprius, or peculiar juice, which may be considered as analogous to to the blood of animals. The vessels containing this peculiar juice, Mr. Knight has traced running from the leaves into the cortical strata of the liber. The succus proprius flows from

juices. A knowledge, then, of those change which the sap undergoes in the leaves, must reflect much light upon the nature of vegetation. We know hat leaves exist long before they appear. They are completely formed in the bud, and rolled up for evolution many months before that spring in which they are developed. The bud, then, is the "winter cradle't of the tender embryo, which is destined in due time to burst its folds and enjoy an enlarged existence. Anatomically viewed, the leaves are attached to the branches of plants by short foot-stalks. From these foot-stalks, or peduncles, a number of fibres issue, which ramify and inosculate with each other in every part of the leaf, forming a singular reticulated appearance. The whole leaf is covered with the epidermis of the plant.

* See Von Uslar upon plants. † An expression of Linnæus.

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