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16. (a) SACK OF CREMONA. Huc inclinavit Antonius cingique vallum corona iussit. primo sagittis saxisque eminus certabant, maiore Flavianorum pernicie, in quos tela desuper librabantur; mox vallum portasque legionibus attribuit, ut dis5 cretus12 labor fortes ignavosque distingueret atque ipsa contentione decoris accenderentur. proxima Bedriacensi viae tertiani septimanique sumpsere', dexteriora valli octava ac septima Claudiana; tertiadecumanos ad Brixianam portam impetus tulit. paulum inde morae, dum ex proximis agris ligones, 10 dolabras, et alii falces scalasque convectant: tum elatis super capita scutis densa testudine succedunt. Romanae utrimque artes pondera saxorum Vitelliani provolvunt, disiectam fluitantemque testudinem lanceis contisque scrutantur, donec soluta compage scutorum exsangues aut laceros prosternerent 15 multa cum strage....Acerrimum tertiae septimaeque legionum certamen; et dux Antonius cum delectis auxiliaribus eodem incubuerat. obstinatos inter se cum sustinere Vitelliani nequirent et superiacta tela testudine laberentur, ipsam postremo ballistam in subeuntes propulere, quae ut34 ad praesens 20 disiecit obruitque quos inciderat, ita pinnas ac summa valli ruina sua traxit; simul iuncta turris ictibus saxorum cessit, qua septimani dum nituntur11 cuneis, tertianus securibus gladiisque portam perfregit. primum inrupisse C. Volusium tertiae legionis militem inter omnes auctores constat. is in vallum 25 egressus, deturbatis qui restiterant, conspicuus manu ac voce capta castra conclamavit; ceteri trepidis12 iam Vitellianis seque e vallo praecipitantibus perrupere.

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(b) Quadraginta armatorum milia inrupere, calonum lixarumque amplior numerus et in libidinem ac saevitiam cor30 ruptior. non dignitas, non aetas protegebat13, quo minuss tupra caedibus, caedes stupris miscerentur1 grandaevos senes, exacta aetate feminas, viles ad praedam, in ludibrium trahebant; ubi adu ta virgo aut quis forma conspicuus incidisset, ipsos direptores in mutuam perniciem agebat. dum pecuniam vel gravia 35 auro templorum dona sibi quisque trahunt, maiore aliorum vi truncabantur. Quidam obvia aspernati, verberibus tormentisque dominorum abdita scrutari, defossa eruere11: faces in manibus, quas, ubi praedam egesserant, in vacuas domos et inania templa per lasciviam iaculabantur: utque exercitu vario linguis moribus, cui cives socii externi interessent, diversae cupidines et aliud cuique fas" nec quicquam inlicitum. TAC, Hist. III.

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(16.) a. SACK OF ROME, A.D. 1527. Three distinct bodies", one of Germans, another of Spaniards, and the last of Italians, the three different nations of whom the army was composed, were appointed to this service"; a separate attack" was assigned to each; and the whole army advanced to support them 5 as occasion" should require". A thick mist concealed their approach until they reached almost the brink of the ditch which surrounded the suburbs; having planted their ladders in a moment, each brigade rushed on to the assault with an impetuosity heightened by national emulation 13. They were re- 10 ceived at first with fortitude 13 equal to their own; the Swiss in the pope's guards fought with a courage becoming men to whom the defence of the noblest city in the world was 27 entrusted. Bourbon's 10 troops, notwithstanding1 all their valour, gained' no ground, and even began to give way; when 3* their leader1o, 15 perceiving that on this critical moment the fate of the day depended, leaped' from his horse, pressed to the front, snatched a scaling-ladder from a soldier, planted it against the wall, and began to mount it, encouraging 25 his men with his voice and hand to follow him. But at that very instant3, a musket 20 bullet from the ramparts pierced his groin; and he soon after expired.

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b. This fatal 18 event could not be concealed from the army; but instead of being disheartened by their loss, it animated them with new valour; the name of Bourbon resounded along 25 the line, accompanied with the cry of blood and revenge13. The veterans 29 who defended the walls were soon overpowered by numbers; the untrained 18 body " of city recruits fled at the sight of danger, and the enemy, with irresistible violence, rushed into the town".

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It is impossible to describe, or even to imagine the misery 13 and horror of that scene" which followed⭑. Whatever a city taken by storm can dread from military 13 rage, unrestrained by discipline: whatever excesses the ferocity of the Germans, the avarice of the Spaniards, or the licentiousness of the Italians 35 could commit, these the wretched inhabitants were obliged 28 to suffer. Churches, palaces, and the houses of private persons, were plundered without distinction. No age, or character, or sex was exempt from injury. Cardinals, nobles, priests, matrons, virgins, were all the prey11 of soldiers, and at the mercy 19 of 40 men deaf to the voice of humanity. ROBERTSON.

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17. (a) SIEGE OF ROME. Sed ante omnia obsidionis bellique mala fames utrumque exercitum urgebat': Gallos pestilentia etiam; induciae deinde cum Romanis factae, et colloquia permissu imperatorum habita: in quibus cum 33 identidem Galli 5 famem objicerent, eaque necessitate ad deditionem vocarent, dicitur, avertendae ejus opinionis causa, multis locis panis de Capitolio jactatus" esse in hostium stationes. Sed jam neque dissimulari, neque ferri ultra fames poterat. Itaque, exercitus, stationibus vigiliisque fessus, superatis tamen humanis omni10 bus malis, cum famem unam natura vinci non sineret, diem de die prospectans 25, ecquod auxilium ab dictatore appareret; postremo spe quoque jam, non solum cibo, deficiente, et, cum stationes procederent12, prope obruentibus' infirmum corpus armis, vel dedi, vel redimi se, quacumque pactione possent, jussit; jactan15 tibus non obscure Gallis 2, haud magna mercede se adduci posse, ut obsidionem relinquant. Tum senatus" habitus, tribunisque militum negotium datum, ut paciscerentur. LIVY, v. 48.

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(b) Sarta tecta acriter et cum summa fide exegerunt. Viam e foro boario [et] ad Veneris circa foros publicos, et aedem 20 Matris Magnae in Palatio faciendam 13 locaverunt. Vectigal etiam novum ex salaria annona statuerunt. Sextante sal et Romae et per totam Italiam erat; Romae pretio eodem, pluris in foris et conciliabulis et alio alibi pretio praebendum 13 locaverunt. Lustrum conditum serius, quia per provincias dimise25 runt censores, ut civium Romanorum in exercitibus, quantus ubique esset, referretur numerus. Censa cum iis ducenta decem quattuor millia hominum. Condidit lustrum C. Claudius Nero. Ib. xxix. 37.

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18. Inde Vitellius Cremonam flexit et spectato munere Caecinae insistere Bedriacensibus campis ac vestigia recentis victoriae lustrare oculis concupivit12. foedum atque atrox spectaculum, intra quadragensimum pugnae diem lacera cor5 pora, trunci artus, putres virorum equorumque formae, infecta tabo humus, protritis arboribus ac frugibus dira vastitas. minus inhumana pars viae, quam Cremonenses lauru rosaque constraverant, extructis altaribus caesique victimis regium in morem: quae" laeta in praesens mox perniciem ipsis 10 fecere. aderat Valens et Caecina, monstrabantque pugnae locos: hinc inrupisse legionum agmen, hinc equites coortos, inde circumfusasi auxiliorum manus: iam tribuni praefectique,

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(17.) SIEGE OF PARIS, A.D. 1590. By midsummer, Paris, unquestionably the first city of Europe at that day, was in extremities", and there are few events" in history 13 in which our admiration is more excited' by the power of mankind to endure almost preternatural misery, or our indignation more 5 deeply aroused by the cruelty 13 with which the sublimest principles" of human nature may be made to serve the purpose" of selfish 18 ambition 13 and grovelling 18 superstition, than this famous 18 leaguer.

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Rarely have men at any epoch defended their fatherland 10 against foreign 13 oppression with more heroism 36 than that which was manifested by the Parisians of 1590 in resisting religious toleration, and in obeying a foreign and priestly despotism 13. Men", women, and children cheerfully laid down their lives by thousands in order that the papal legate and the 15 king of Spain might trample upon that legitimate sovereign of France who was one 34 day to become the idol2 of Paris and of the whole kingdom,

A census taken at the beginning of the siege had 28 showed a population of two hundred thousand souls", with a sufficiency 20 of provisions, it was thought, to last 28 one month. But before the terrible summer was over-so completely had the city been invested the bushel of wheat was worth three hundred and sixty crowns. The flesh of horses, asses, dogs, cats, rats had become rare luxuries. It was estimated that before July twelve 25 thousand human11 beings in Paris had died, for want of food, within three months.

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(18.) The emperor then inspected the field" of battle and never was there any that exhibited a more frightful spectacle. Every thing concurred to increase the horrors of it; a lowering sky, a cold rain, a violent wind, habitations in ashes12; a plain absolutely torn up and covered with fragments and ruins; 5 all round the horizon" the dark19 and funereal verdure of the North ; soldiers roaming among the bodies of the slain; wounds of a most hideous description; noiseless bivouacs; no songs of triumph 13, no lively narrations, but a general and mournful silence. Around the eagles were the officers, and a few soldiers 10 barely sufficient to guard the colours. Their clothes were torn by the violence of the conflict, and stained with blood; yet, notwithstanding all their rags, misery, and destitution, they displayed a lofty carriage", and even, on the appearance11 of

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sua quisque facta extollentes, falsa vera aut majora vero miscebant. volgus quoque militum clamore et gaudio de15 flectere11 via, spatia certaminum recognoscere, aggerem armorum, strues corporum intueri 12 mirari; et erant quos varia sors rerum lacrimaeque et misericordia subiret'. at non Vitellius flexit oculos nec tot milia insepultorum civium exhorruit: laetus ultro et tam propinquae sortis ignarus instaura20 bat sacrum dis loci. TAC. Hist. II.

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19. FUNERAL OF GERMANICUS. Interim adventu ejus audito12, intimus quisque amicorum, et plerique militares, ut quique sub Germanico stipendia fecerant, multique etiam ignoti vicinis e municipiis, pars officium in principem rati, plures 5 illos secuti, ruere" ad oppidum Brundisium; quod naviganti13 celerrimum fidissimumque adpulsu erat. Atque ubi primum ex alto visa classis 2, complentur non modo portus et proxima maris, sed moenia ac tecta, quaque longissime prospectari poterat, moerentium 25 turba, ac rogitantium 25 inter se, silentione an voce 10 aliqua egredientem 13 exciperent. Neque satis constabat quid pro tempore foret; quum classis paulatim successit, non alacri, ut adsolet, remigio, sed cunctis ad tristitiam" compositis. Postquam duobus cum liberis, feralem urnam tenens 25, egressa" navi, defixit oculos, idem omnium gemitus, neque discerneres proxi15 mos, alienos, virorum foeminarumve planctus, nisi quod comitatum Agrippinae longo moerore fessum, obvii1o et recentes in dolore anteibant'. Miserat duas praetorias cohortes Caesar, addito" ut magistratus Calabriae, Apulique, et Campani, suprema erga memoriam filii sui munera fungerentur. Igitur tribunorum 20 centurionumque humeris cineres portabantur": praecedebant incompta signa, versi fasces; atque ubi colonias transgrederentur, atrata plebes, trabeati equites, pro opibus loci, vestem, odores, aliaque funerum solennia, cremabant....Consules, M. Valerius et M. Aurelius et senatus, ac magna pars populi, viam complevere dis25 jecti, et ut cuique libitum flentes; aberat quippe adulatio, gnaris omnibus laetam 23 Tiberio Germanici mortem male dissimulari.

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Dies, quo reliquiae tumulo Augusti inferebantur, modo per silentium vastus, modo ploratibus inquies: plena urbis itinera, conlucentes per campum Martis faces. Illic miles cum armis, 30 sine insignibus magistratus, populus per tribus, concidisse15 rem publicam, nihil spei reliquum, clamitabant: promptius" apertiusque, quam ut meminisse imperitantium crederes.

TAC. Ann. III.