ANA

Anaxagoras, on the death of his son,

i. 191. On his true country, 201
Anchorites. See Ascetics; Monasti-
cism

Angelo, Michael, in what he failed,
ii. 363

Anglo-Saxon nations, their virtues
and vices, i. 153

Animals, lower, Egyptian worship
of, i. 166, note. Humanity to
animals probably first advocated
by Plutarch, 244. Animals em-
ployed in the arena at Rome, 280.
Instances of kindness to, 288, 307.
Legends of the connection of the
saints and the animal world, ii.
161. Pagan legends of the in-
telligence of animals, 161, 162.
Legislative protection of them,
162. Views as to the souls of
animals, 162. Moral duty of
kindness to animals taught by
pagans, 166. Legends in the
lives of the saints in connection
with animals, 168. Progress in
modern times of humanity to
animals, 172

Antigonus of Socho, his doctrine of
virtue, i. 183, note
Antioch, charities of, ii. 80. Its

extreme vice and asceticism, 153
Antisthenes, his scepticism, i. 162
Antoninus, the philosopher, his pre-
diction, i. 427
Antoninus the Pious, his death,
i. 207. His leniency towards the
Christians, 438, 439. Forged letter
of, 439, note. His charity, ii. 77
Antony, St., his flight into the desert,

ii. 103. His mode of life, 110.
His dislike to knowledge, 115.
Legend of his visit to Paul the
hermit, 157, 158
Aphrodite, the celestial and earthly,
i. 106

Apollonius of Tyana, his conversa-

tion with an Egyptian priest re-
specting the Greek and Egyptian

ASC

modes of worshipping the deity,
i. 166, note. Miracles attributed
to him, 372. His humanity to
animals, ii. 165
Apollonius, the merchant, his dis-
pensary for monks, ii. 81
Apuleius, his condemnation of suicide,
i. 213. His disquisition on the
doctrine of dæmons, 323, Practi-
cal form of his philosophy, 329.
Miracles attributed to him, 372.
His defence of tooth-powder, ii.

148

Archytas of Tarentum, his speech on

the evils of sensuality, i. 200, note
Argos, story of the sons of the
priestess of Juno at, i. 206
Arians, their charges against the
Catholics, i. 418, note

Aristides, his gentleness, i. 228
Aristotle, his admission of the prac-
tice of abortion, i. 92. Emphasis
with which he dwelt upon the
utility of virtue, 124. His pa-
triotism, 200. His condemnation
of suicide, 212. His opinions as
to the duties of Greeks to bar-
barians, 229

Arius, death of, ii. 196

Arnobius, on the miracles of Christ,
i. 375

Arrian, his humanity to animals,
ii. 164

Arsenius, St., his penances, ii. 107,
114, note. His anxiety to avoid
distractions, 125, note
Ascetics, their estimate of the
dreadful nature of sin, i. 113.
Decline of asceticism and evan-
escence of the moral notions of
which it was the expression, 113.
Condition of society to which it
belongs, 130. Decline of the
ascetic and saintly qualities with
civilisation, 130. Causes of the
ascetic movement, ii. 102. Its
rapid extension, 103-105. Pe-
nances attributed to the saints of

ASE

the desert, 107-109. Miseries
and joys of the hermit life, 113
et seq. Dislike of the monks to
knowledge, 115. Their hallucina-
tions, 116. Relations of female
devotees with the anchorites, 120.
Ways in which the ascetic life
affected both the ideal type and
realised condition of morals, 122,
et seq.

Extreme animosity of
the ascetics to everything pagan,
136, 137. Decline of the civic
virtues caused by asceticism, 139.
Moral effects of asceticism on self-
sacrifice, 154, 155. Moral beauty
of some of the legends of the as-
cetics, 156. Legends of the con-
nection between the saints and
the animal world, 161. Practical
form of asceticism in the West,
177. Influence of asceticism on
chastity, 319, 320. On marriage,
320. On the estimate of women,
337

Asella, story of her asceticism, ii.
133

Asia Minor, destruction of the
churches of, ii. 14

Aspasia, the Athenian courtesan, ii.
293

Asses, feast of, ii. 173

Association, Hartley's doctrine of,

i. 22. Partly anticipated by
Hutcheson and Gay, 23. Illus-
trations of the system of associa-
tion, 26-30. The theory, how far
selfish, 30. The essential and
characteristic feature of conscience
wholly unaccounted for by the
association of ideas, 66
Astrology, belief in, rapidly gaining
ground in the time of the elder
Pliny, i. 171, and note

Atticus, his suicide, i. 215, and note
Augustine, St., on original sin, i. 209.
His belief in contemporary mira-
cles, 378. On the decline of the
Roman empire, 410. His con-

AVI

demnation of virgin suicides, ii.
47

Augustus, his solemn degradation of
the statue of Neptune, i. 169.
His mode of discouraging celibacy,
232. Miraculous stories related
of him, 258. His superstition,
376. Advice of Mæcenas to him,
399. His consideration for the
religious customs of the Jews,
406

Aulus Gellius, his account of the
rhetoricians, i. 313. Compared
with Helvétius, 313
Aurelius, Marcus, on a future state,
i. 184. On posthumous fame, 186.
Denied that all vices are the same,
192, note. On the sacred spirit
dwelling in man, 198. His sub-
missive gratitude, 199. His prac-
tical application of the precepts
of the Stoics, 202. His wavering
views as to suicide, 213. His
charity to the human race, 241.
Mild and more religious spirit of
his stoicism, 245. His constant
practice of self-examination, 249.
His life and character, 249-255.
Compared and contrasted with
Plutarch, 253. His discourage-
ment of the games of the arena,
286. His humanity, 308. His
disbelief of exorcism, 384. His
law against religious terrorism,
422. His persecution of the
Christians, 439, 440. His bene-
volence, ii. 77. His view of war,
258

Austin, Mr., his view of the founda-
tion of the moral law, i. 17, note.
His advocacy of the unselfish view
of the love we ought to bear to
God, 18, note. Character of his
'Lectures on Jurisprudence,' 22,

note

Avarice, association of ideas to the
passion of, i. 25

Avitus, St., legend of, ii. 159

BAB

Bod by his bones, i. 382, and

ABYLAS, St., miracles perform-

note. His death, ii. 9
Bacchus, suppression of the rites of,
at Rome, i. 401

Bacon, Lord, great movement of
modern thought caused by, i. 125.
His objection to the Stoics' view
of death, 202

Bacon, Roger, his life and works,
ii. 210

Bain, Mr., on pleasure, i. 12, note.

His definition of conscience, 29,
note

Balbus, Cornelius, his elevation to

the consulate, i. 232

Baltus on the exorcists, i. 381, note
Baptism, Augustinian doctrine of, i.
96

Barbarians, causes of the conversion
of the, i. 410

Basil, St., his hospital, ii. 80. His

labours for monachism, 106
Bassus, Ventidius, his elevation to
the consulate, i. 232

Bathilda, Queen, her charity, ii. 245
Bear-gardens in England, ii. 175,note
Beauty, analogies between virtue

and, i. 77. Their difference, 79.
Diversities existing in our judg-
ments of virtue and beauty, 79.
Causes of these diversities, 79.
Virtues to which we can, and to
which we cannot, apply the term
beautiful, 82, 83. Pleasure de-
rived from beauty compared with
that from the grotesque, or eccen-
tric, 85. The prevailing cast of
female beauty in the north, con-
trasted with the southern type,
144, 145, 152. Admiration of
the Greeks for beauty, ii. 292
Bees, regarded by the ancients as
emblems or models of chastity, i.
108, note
Beggars, causes of vast numbers of,
ii. 94. Old English laws for the
suppression of mendicancy, 96.

BLO

Enactments against them in vari-
ous parts of Europe, 98
Benedict, St., his system, 183
Benefices, military use of, ii. 270
Benevolence; Hutcheson's theory
that all virtue is resolved into
benevolence, i. 4. Discussions in
England, in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, as to the
existence of, 20. Various views of
the source from which it springs,
22. Association of ideas pro-
ducing the feeling of, 26. Hart-
ley on benevolence quoted, 27,
note. Impossibility of benevo-
lence becoming a pleasure if prac-
tised only with a view to that
end, 37. Application to benevo-
lence of the theory, that the moral
unity of different ages is a unity
not of standard but of tendency,
100. Influenced by our imagina-
tions, 132, 133. Imperfectly re-
cognised by the Stoics, 188, 192
Bentham, Jeremy, on the motives of
human actions, i. 8, note. On
the pleasures and pains of piety
quoted, 9, note. On charity, 10,
note. On vice, 13, note. On the
sanctions of morality, 19, and
note, 21. Throws benevolence as
much as possible into the back-
ground, 21. Makes no use of the
doctrine of association, 25, note.
His definition of conscience, 29,
note. On interest and disinter-
estedness, 32, note. On the value
and purity of a pleasure, 90, note
Besarion, St., his penances, ii. 108
Biography, relative importance of,

among Christians and Pagans, i.
174
Blandina, martyrdom of, i. 442
Blesilla, story of her slow suicide,
ii. 48

Blondel, his denunciation of the
forgeries of the Sibylline books,
i. 377

BOA

Boadicea, her suicide, ii. 53, note
Bolingbroke's 'Reflections on Exile,'
i. 201, note

Bona Dea, story and worship of, i.
94, note. Popularity of her
worship among the Romans, 106,
386
Boniface, St., his missionary labours,
ii. 247

Bonnet, his philosophy, i. 71
Bossuet, on the nature of the love
we should bear to God, i. 18,
note

Brephotrophia, in the early church,
ii. 32

Brotherhood, effect of Christianity
in promoting, ii. 61
Brown, on the motive for the practice
of virtue, i. 8, note. On theologi-
cal Utilitarianism, 16, note
Brunehaut, Queen, her crimes, ap-
proved of by the Pope, ii. 236,
237. Her end, 237
Brutus, his extortionate usury, i.
193, 194

Buckle, Thomas, his remarks on
morals, i. 74, note. On the differ-
ence between mental and physical
pleasures, 90, note. His views of
the comparative influence of in-
tellectual and moral agencies in
civilisation, 103, note
Bull-baiting in England, ii. 175,
note

Carneades, his expulsion from Rome
proposed by Cato, i. 399
Carpocrates, licentiousness of the
followers of, i. 417

Carthage, effect of the destruction of,
on the decadence of Rome, i. 169.
The Decian persecution at, 452
Carthaginians, the, amongst the
most prominent of Latin writers,
i. 235

Cassius, the tyrannicide, his suicide,
i. 215

Castellio, his exposure of the for-
geries of the Sibylline books, i.
377

Catacombs, the, i. 453, 455
Catholicism, Roman, the system of
education adopted by, contrasted
with that of the English public
schools, i. 114. Conflict of the
priests with political economists
on the subject of early marriages,
114, 115. The teaching of, on
many points the extreme anti-
thesis of that of the pagan philo-
sophers, 208. Its view of death,

CAT

208, 210. Little done by it for
humanity to animals, ii. 173, 177,
188. Influence on despotism, 186.
Its total destruction of religious
liberty, 194-199. Causes of the
indifference to truth manifested in
its literature, 241. Protestantism
contrasted with it, 368

Cato, his refusal to consult the ora-
cles, i. 165, note. His stoicism,
185. His inhumanity to his
slaves, 193. His study of the
Phædon' the night he committed
suicide, 212. His opposition to
Greek philosophy, 231. His view
of pre-nuptial chastity, ii. 314
Cattle plague, theological notions
respecting the, i. 356

Catullus, on the death of a sparrow,
ii. 165, note

Cautinus, Bishop, his drunkenness,
ii. 236

Celibacy among the ancients, i. 106.

The Catholic monastic system,
107. How discouraged by Au-
gustus, 232. Celibacy the primal
virtue of the Christians of the
fourth and fifth centuries, ii. 122.
Effect of this upon moral teach-
ing, 122, 123. History of the
celibacy of the clergy, 328, 336
Celsus calls the Christians Sibyl-
lists, i. 376. And jugglers,

384
Celts, Spanish, their worship of
death, i. 206, 207. Causes of
their passion for suicide, 207,
note. Their lamentations on the
birth of men, 207, note
Censors, Roman, minute supervision
of the, i. 168

Character, influence of, on opinion,

i. 172. Governed in a great mea-
sure by national circumstances,
172
Chariot races, passion for, at Con-
stantinople, ii. 37

CHI

Charity, a form of self-love, accord-
ing to the Utilitarians, i. 9, and
note. Impossibility of charity
becoming a pleasure if practised
only with a view to that end, 36.
Charity of the Stoics, 191. Cice-
ro's emphatic assertion of the
duty, 240. Exertions of the
Christians in the cause of charity,
ii. 75, 79. Inadequate place given
to this movement in history, 84,
85. Christian charity, in what it
consists, 73. Laws of the Romans,
73. Pagan examples of charity,
78. Noble enthusiasm of the
Christians in the cause of charity,
78, 79. Charity enjoined as a
matter of justice, 81. Theological
notions of charity, 85, 90, 91.
Evils of Catholic charity, 93–94.
Legends respecting the virtue,
245, and note
Charlemagne, his law respecting
Sunday, ii. 245. Fascination ex-
ercised by him over the popular
imagination, 271, 272. His poly-
gamy, 343

Charles V., the Emperor, his law
against beggars, ii. 97

Charles Martel, his defeat of the
Mahommedans, at Poictiers, ii.

273

Charondas, law of, on second mar-
riages, ii. 325, note

Chastity, in Utilitarian systems, i.
12, 49. Sketch of the history of,
103-107, The Catholic monastic
system 107. Modern judgments
of, ii. 282, 283. Cato's views,
314. Mystical views, 315. Ser-
vices of the ascetics in enforcing
the duty of chastity, 318-320
Children, charge of murdering in-
fants, among the early Christians,
i. 417. Abortion, ii. 20-24.
Infanticide, 24, 26. Exposed
children, 32. Institutions of the