ACHOMIUS, St., number of his
ii. 73. His participation in the PAC
Albigensian massacres, 95 Novatians, their tenets, ii. 102 Numa, legend of his prohibition of idols, i. 166, note
ATH, sanctity of an, among the Romans, i. 168 Obedience, new value placed on it by monachism, ii. 185, 186, 269 Obligation, nature of, i. 64, 65 Ockham, his opinion of the founda- tion of the moral law, i. 17, and note
Odin, his suicide, ii. 53
O'Neale, Shane, his charity, ii. 96 Opinion, influence of character on, i. 171, 172
Oracles, refuted and ridiculed by Cicero, i. 165. Plutarch's defence of their bad poetry, 165, note. Refusal of Cato and the Stoics to consult them, 165. Ridiculed by the Roman wits, 166. Answer of the oracle of Delphi as to the best religion, 167. Theory of the oracles in the De Divinatione' of Cicero, 368, and note. Van Dale's denial of their supernatural character, 374. Books of oracles burnt under the republic and empire, 447, and note
Origen, his desire for martyrdom, i. 391
Orphanotrophia, in the early Church, ii. 32
Otho, the Emperor, his suicide, i. 219. Opinion of his contempo- raries of his act, 219, note Ovid, object of his Metamorphoses,' i. 166. His condemnation of suicide, 213, and note. His hu- manity to animals, ii. 165 Oxen, laws for the protection of, ii.
Oxyrinchus, ascetic life in the city of, ii. 105
Pætus and Arria, history of, ii. 310 Pagan religions, their feeble influ- ence on morals, i. 161
Pagan virtues, the, compared with Christian, i. 190
Paiderastia, the, of the Greeks, ii. 294
Pain, equivalent to evil, according to the Utilitarians, i. 8, note Palestine, foundation of monachism in, ii. 106. Becomes a hot-bed of debauchery, 152
Paley, on the obligation of virtue, i. 14, note. On the difference be- tween an act of prudence and an act of duty, 16, note. On the love we ought to bear to God, 18, note. On the religious sanctions of morality, 19. On the doctrine of association, 25, note. On flesh diet, 49, note. On the influence of health on happiness, 88, note. On the difference in pleasures, 90,
Pambos, St., story of, ii. 116, note Pammachus, St., his hospital, ii. 80 Panatius, the founder of the Roman
Stoics, his disbelief in the immor- tality of the soul, i. 183 Pandars, punishment of, ii. 316 Parents, reason why some savages
did not regard their murder as criminal, i. 101
Parthenon, the, at Athens, i. 105 Pascal, his advocacy of piety as a
matter of prudence, i. 17, note. His adherence to the opinion of Ockham as to the foundation of the moral law, 17, note. His thought on the humiliation created by deriving pleasure from certain amusements, i. 86, note Patriotism, period when it flourished, i. 136. Peculiar characteristic of the virtue, 177, 178. Causes of the predominance occasionally ac-
corded to civic virtues, 200. Neg- lect or discredit into which they have fallen among modern teach- ers, 201. Cicero's remarks on the duty of every good man, 201. Unfortunate relations of Chris- tianity to patriotism, ii. 140. Re- pugnance of the theological to the patriotic spirit, 145 Paul, St., his definition of conscience, i. 83
Paul, the hermit, his flight to the desert, ii. 102. Legend of the visit of St. Antony to him, 158 Paul, St. Vincent de, his foundling hospitals, ii. 34
Paula, story of her asceticism and inhumanity, ii. 133, 134 Paulina, her devotion to her hus- band, ii. 310
Pelagia, St., her suicide, ii. 46. Her flight to the desert, 121, and note
Pelican, legend of the, ii. 161 Penances of the saints of the desert, ii. 107, et seq.
Penitential system, the, of the early church, ii. 6, 7
Pepin, his compact with Pope Leo, ii. 267
Peregrinus the Cynic, his suicide, i. 220
Pericles, his humanity, i. 228 Perpetua, St., her martyrdom, i. 391, 444; ii. 317 Persecutions, Catholic doctrines jus- tifying, i. 98. Why Christianity was not crushed by them, 395. Many causes of persecution, 395- 397. Reasons why the Christians were more persecuted than the Jews, 403, 406, 407. Causes of the persecutions, 406, et seq. His- tory of the persecutions, 429. Nero, 429. Domitian, 431. Tra- jan, 437. Marcus Aurelius, 439, 440. From M. Aurelius to
Decius, 442, et seq. Gallus, 454. Valerian, 454. Diocletian and Galerius, 458-463. End of the persecutions, 463. General con- siderations on their history, 463- 468
Petronian law, in favour of slaves, i. 307 Petronius, his scepticism, i. 162. His suicide, 215. His condemna- tion of the show of the arena, 286 Philip the Arab, his favour to Chris- tianity, i. 445
Philosophers, efforts of some, to restore the moral influence of religion among the Romans, i. 169. The true moral teachers, 171 Philosophical truth, characteristics of, i. 139, 140. Its growth re- tarded by the opposition of theo- logians, 140
Philosophy, causes of the practical character of most ancient, i. 202. Its fusion with religion, 352. Opinions of the early Church con- cerning the pagan writings, 332. Difference between the moral teaching of a philosophy and that of a religion, ii. 1. Its impotency to restrain vice, 4
Phocas, attitude of the Church to- wards him, ii. 263
Phocion, his gentleness, i. 228 Physical science affects the belief in miracles, i. 354, 355
Piety, utilitarian view of the causes of the pleasures and pains of, i. 9, and note. A matter of prudence, according to theological Utilita- rianism, 16
Pilate, Pontius, story of his desire to enrol Christ among the Roman gods, i. 429
Pilgrimages, evils of, ii. 152 Pior, St., story of, ii. 129 Pirates, destruction of, by Pompey, i. 234
Pity, a form of self-love, according to some Utilitarians, i. 9, 10, note. Adam Smith's, theory, 10, note. Seneca's distinction between it and clemency, 189. Altar to Pity at Athens, 228. History of Marcus Aurelius' altar to Benefi- centia at Rome, 228, note Plato, his admission of the practice of abortion, i. 92. Basis of his moral system, 105. Cause of the banishment of the poets from his republic, 161, 162. His theory that vice is to virtue what disease is to health, 179, and note. Rea- son for his advocacy of community of wives, 200. His condemnation of suicide, 212, and note. His re- marks on universal brotherhood, 241. His inculcation of the prac- tice of self-examination, 248 Platonic school, its ideal, i. 322 Platonists, their more or less pan- theistic conception of the Deity, i. 163. Practical nature of their philosophy, 329. The Platonic ethics ascendant in Rome, 331 Pleasure the only good, according to the Utilitarians, i. 7. Illustra- tions of the distinction between the higher and lower parts of our nature in our pleasures, 83-85. Pleasures of a civilised compared with those of a semi-civilised society, 86. Comparison of men- tal and physical pleasures, 87, 88. Distinction in kind of plea- sure, and its importance in morals, 89-91. Neglected or denied by Utilitarian writers, 89, note Pliny, the elder, on the probable happiness of the lower animals, i. 87, note. On the Deity, 164. On astrology, 171, and note, 164, note. His disbelief in the im- mortality of the soul, 182. His advocacy of suicide, 215. Never mentions Christianity, 336. His
opinion of earthquakes, 369. And of comets, 369. His facility of belief, 370. His denunciation of finger rings, ii. 148 Pliny, the younger, his desire for posthumous reputation. i. 185, note. His picture of the ideal of Stoicism, 186. His letter to Trajan respecting the Christians, 437. His benevolence, 242; ii. 77 Plotinus, his condemnation of sui- cide, i. 214. His philosophy,
330 Plutarch, his defence of the bad poetry of the oracles, 165, note. His mode of moral teaching, 175. Basis of his belief in the immor- tality of the soul, 204. On super- stitious fear of death, 206. His letter on the death of his little daughter, 242. May justly be re- garded as the leader of the eclectic school, 243. His philosophy and works compared with those of Seneca, 243. His treatise on 'The Signs of Moral Progress,' 249. Compared and contrasted with Marcus Aurelius, 253. How he regarded the games of the arena, 286. His defence of the ancient creeds, 322. Practical nature of his philosophy, 329. Never mentions Christianity, 336. His remarks on the domestic system of the ancients, 419. kindness to animals, ii. 165, 166. His picture of Greek married life, 289
Pluto, meaning of, according to the Stoics, i. 163
Po, miracle of the subsidence of the waters of the, i. 382, note Poemen, St., story of, and of his
mother, ii. 129. Legend of him and the lion, 169 Political economy, what it has ac- complished respecting almsgiving, ii. 90
Political judgments, moral standard of most men in, lower than in private judgments, i. 151 Political truth, or habit of 'fair play,' the characteristic of free communities, i. 139. Highly civilised form of society to which it belongs, 139. Its growth re- tarded by the opposition of theo- logians, 140
Polybius, his praise of the devotion and purity of creed of the Romans, i. 167
Polycarp, St., martyrdom of, i. 441 Polygamy, long continuance of, among the kings of Gaul, ii. 343 Pompeii, gladiatorial shows at, i. 276, note
Pompey, his destruction of the pirates, i. 234. His multiplica- tion of gladiatorial shows, 273 Poor-law system, elaboration of the, ii. 96. Its pernicious results, 97, 99, 105
Poppæa, Empress, a Jewish prose- lyte, i. 386
Porcia, heroism of, ii. 309 Porphyry, his condemnation of sui- cides, i. 214. His description of philosophy, i. 326. His adoption of Neoplatonism, i. 330
Possevin, his exposure of the Sibyl- line books, i. 377 Pothinus, martyrdom of, i. 442 Power, origin of the desire of, i. 23, 26
Praise, association of ideas leading to the desire for even posthumous, i. 26 Prayer, reflex influence upon the minds of the worshippers, i. 36 Preachers, Stoic, among the Romans, i. 308, 309
Pride, contrasted with vanity, i. 195. The leading moral agent of Stoi- cism, i. 195
Prometheus, cause of the admiration bestowed upon, i. 35
Prophecies, incapacity of the Chris- tians of the third century for judging prophecies, i. 376 Prophecy, gift of, attributed to the vestal virgins of Rome, i. 107. And in India to virgins, 107, note
Prosperity, some crimes conducive to national, i. 58. Cases of Rome and Prussia, 58, note Prostitution, ii. 282–286. How re- garded by the Romans, 316 Protagoras, his scepticism, i. 162 Protasius, St., miraculous discovery of his remains, i. 379
Prudentius, on the vestal virgins at the gladiatorial shows, i. 291 Purgatory, doctrine of, ii. 232-235 Pythagoras, saying of, i. 53. Chastity the leading virtue of his school, 106. On the fables of Hesiod and Homer, 161. His belief in an all-pervading soul of nature, 162. His condemnation of sui- cide, 212. Tradition of his jour- ney to India, 229, note. His in- culcation of the practice of self- examination, 248. His opinion of earthquakes, 369. His doctrine of kindness to animals, ii. 165
innate ideas independent of expe- rience, 121, note Religion, theological utilitarianism subverts natural, i. 54-56. An-
swer of the oracle of Delphi as to the best, 167. Difference between the moral teaching of a philoso- phy and that of a religion, ii. 1. Relations between positive reli- gion and moral enthusiasm, 141 Religions, pagan, their small influ-
ence on morals, i, 161. Oriental, passion for, among the Romans, 318
Religious liberty totally destroyed
by the Catholics, ii. 194-199 Repentance for past sin, no place for, in the writings of the an- cients, i. 195
Reputation, how valued among the Romans, i. 185, 186
Resurrection of souls, belief of the Stoics in the, i. 164 Revenge, Utilitarian notions as to the feeling of, i. 41, and note. Circumstances under which pri- vate vengeance is not regarded as criminal, i. 101
Reverence, Utilitarian views of, i. 9,
and note. Causes of the diminu- tion of the spirit of, among man- kind, 141, 142
Rhetoricians, Stoical, account of the, of Rome, i. 310
Ricci, his work on Mendicancy, ii.
Rochefoucauld La, on pity, quoted,
i. 10, note. And on friendship, 10, 11, note Rogantianus, his passive life, i. 330 Roman law, its golden age not Christian, but pagan, ii. 42 Romans, abortion how regarded by the, i. 92. Their law forbidding women to taste wine, 93, 94, note. Reasons why they did not regard the gladiatorial shows as criminal, 101. Their law of marriage and
ideal of female morality, 104. Their religious reverence for do- mesticity, 106. Sanctity of, and gifts attributed to, their vestal virgins, 106. Character of their cruelty, 134. Compared with the modern Italian character in this respect, 134. Scepticism of their philosophers, 162-167. The re- ligion of the Romans never a source of moral enthusiasm, 167. Its characteristics, 168. Causes of the disappearance of the reli- gious reverence of the people, 169. Efforts of some philoso- phers and emperors to restore the moral influence of religion, 169. Consummation of Roman degra- dation, 170. Belief in astrologi- cal fatalism, 170, 171. The stoical type of military and pa- triotic enthusiasm pre-eminently Roman, 172-174, 178. Importance of biography in their moral teach- ing, 178. Epicureanism never
became a school of virtue among them, 175. Unselfish love of country of the Romans, 178. Character of Stoicism in the worst period of the Roman Empire, 181. Main features of their philosophy, 185, et seq. Difference between the Roman moralists and the Greek poets, 195. The doctrine of suicide the culminating point of Roman Stoicism, 222. The type of excellence of the Roman people, 224, 225. Contrast be- tween the activity of Stoicism and the luxury of Roman society, 225, 226. Growth of a gentler and more cosmopolitan spirit in Rome, 227. Causes of this change, 228, et seq. Extent of Greek influence at Rome, 228. The cosmopolitan spirit strengthened by the de- struction of the power of the aristocracy, 231, 232. History
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