5. Muricated (muricatus); furnished with numerous short hard excrescences; as the fruit of the Arbutus Unedo.

6. Spiculate († spiculatus); covered with fine, fleshy, erect points.

7. Rough (scaber, asper, exasperatus); covered with hard, short, rigid points; as the leaves of Borago officinalis.

8. Roughish (scabridus); slightly covered with short hardish points; as the leaf of Thymus Acinos.

9. Tubercled (tuberculatus, verrucosus); covered with little excrescences or warts; as the stem of Cotyledon tuberculata, the leaf of Aloe margaritifera.

10. Pimpled (papillosus, † papulosus); covered with minute tubercles or excrescences, of uneven size, and rather soft; as the leaves of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.

11. Hairy (pilosus); covered with short, weak, thin hairs; as the leaf of Prunella vulgaris, Daucus Carota.

12. Downy (pubens, pubescens); covered with very short, weak, dense hairs; as the leaves of Cynoglossum officinale, Lonicera Xylosteum, &c. Pubescens is most commonly employed in Botany, but pubens is more classical.

13. Hoary (incanus); covered with very short dense hairs, placed so closely as to give an appearance of whiteness to the surface from which they grow; as the leaf of Mathiola incana.

14. Shaggy (hirtus, villosus); covered with long weak hairs; as Epilobium hirsutum.

15. Tomentose (tomentosus); covered with dense, rather rigid, short hairs, so as to be sensibly perceptible to the touch; as Onopordum Acanthium, Lavatera arborea, &c.

16. Velvety (velutinus); the same as the last, but more dense so that the surface resembles that of velvet; as Cotyledon coccineus..

17. Woolly (lanatus); covered with long, dense, curled, and matted hairs, resembling wool; as Verbascum Thapsus, Stachys germanica.

18. Hispid (hispidus); covered with long rigid hairs; as the stem of Echium vulgare.

19. Floccose (floccosus); covered with dense hairs, which fall away in little tufts; as Verbascum floccosum, and pulverulentum.

20. Glandular (glandulosus); covered with hairs bearing glands upon their tips; as the fruit of Roses, the pods of Adeno

carpus.

21. Bearded (barbatus, crinitus); having tufts of long weak hairs growing from different parts of the surface; as the leaves of Mesembryanthemum barbatum. It is also applied to bodies bearing very long weak hairs in solitary tufts or parcels; as the filaments of Anthericum, the pods of Adesmia.

22. Strigose (strigosus); covered with sharp, appressed, rigid hairs. W. Linnæus considers this word synonymous with hispid.

23. Silky (sericeus); covered with very fine close-pressed hairs, silky to the touch; as the leaves of Protea argentea, Alchemilla alpina, &c.

24. Peronate (peronatus); laid thickly over with a woolly substance, ending in a sort of meal. W. This term is only applied to the stipes of Fungi.

25. Cobwebbed (arachnoides); covered with loose, white, entangled, thin hairs, resembling the web of a spider; as Calceolaria arachnoidea.

26. Ciliated (ciliatus); having fine hairs, resembling the eyelash, at the margin; as the leaves of Luzula pilosa, Erica Tetralix, &c.

27. Fringed (fimbriatus); having the margin bordered by long filiform processes thicker than hairs; as the petals of CucubaJus fimbriatus.

28. Feathery (plumosus); consisting of long hairs, which are themselves hairy; as the pappus of Leontodon Taraxacum, the beard of Stipa pennata.

29. Stinging (urens); covered with rigid, sharp-pointed, bristly hairs, which emit an irritating fluid when touched; as the leaves of the Urtica urens.

30. Mealy (farinosus); covered with a sort of white scurfy substance; as the leaves of Primula farinosa, and of some Poplars.

31. Leprous (lepidotus, leprosus); covered with minute peltate scales; as the foliage of Elæagnus.

32. Ramentaceous (ramentaceus); covered with weak, shri velled, brown, scale-like processes; as the stems of many Ferns.

33. Scaly (squamosus); covered with minute scales, fixed by one end; as the young shoots of the Pine tribe.

34. Chaffy (paleaceus); covered with small, weak, erect, membranous scales, resembling the palea of Grasses; as the receptacle of many compound plants.

C. With respect to Polish or Texture.

1. Shining (nitidus); having a smooth, even, polished surface; as many leaves.

2. Smooth (glaber, or lævis); being free from asperities or hairs, or any sort of unevenness.

3. Polished (lævigatus, † politus); having the appearance of a polished substance; as the testa of Abrus precatorius, and many seeds.

4. Glittering († splendens); the same as polished, but when the lustre is a little broken, from slight irregularity of surface. 5. Naked (nudus, denudatus); the reverse of hairy, downy, or any similar term: it is not materially different from glaber. 6. Opaque (opacus); the reverse of shining, dull.

7. Viscid (viscidus, glutinosus); covered with a glutinous exudation.

8. Mucous, or slimy (mucosus); covered with a slimy secretion; or with a coat that is readily soluble in water, and becomes slimy; as the fruit of Salvia Verbenaca.

9. Greasy († unctuosus); having a surface which, though not actually greasy, feels so.

10. Dewy (roridus); covered with little transparent elevations of the parenchyma, which have the appearance of fine drops of dew.

11. Dusty († lentiginosus); covered with minute dots, as if dusted; the calyx and corolla of Ardisia lentiginosa. 12. Frosted (pruinosus); nearly the same as roridus, but applied to surfaces in which the dewy appearance is more opaque, as if the drops were congealed; as the surface of the leaves of Rosa pruinosa and glutinosa.

13. Powdery (pulverulentus); covered with a fine bloom or powdery matter; as the leaves of Primula farinosa.

14. Glaucous (glaucus); covered with a fine bloom of the colour of a Cabbage leaf.

15. Cæsious (casius); like glaucous, but greener.

16. Whitened (dealbatus); covered with a very opaque white powder; as the leaves of many Cotyledons.

4. Of Texture or Substance.

1. Membranaceous (membranaceus); thin and semitransparent, like a fine membrane; as the leaves of Mosses.

2. Papery (papyraceus, chartaceus); having the consistence of writing-paper, and quite opaque; as most leaves.

3. Leathery (coriaceus, † alutaceus); having the consistence of leather; as the leaves of Pothos acaulis, Prunus Laurocerasus, and others.

4. Crustaceous (crustaceus); hard, thin, and brittle; as the testa of Asparagus, or of Passiflora.

5. Cartilaginous (cartilagineus); hard and tough; as the testa of an apple-seed.

6. Loose (laxus); of a soft cellular texture, as the pith of most plants. The name is derived from the parts of the substance appearing as if not in a state of cohesion.

7. Scarious (scariosus); having a thin, dry, shrivelled appearance; as the involucral leaves of many species of Centaurea. 8. Corky (suberosus); having the texture of the substance called cork; as the bark of Ulmus suberosa.

9. Coated (corticatus); harder externally than internally. 10. Spongy (spongiosus); having the texture of a sponge; that is to say, very cellular, with the cellules filled with air; as the coats of many seeds.

11. Horny (corneus); hard, and very close in texture, but capable of being cut without difficulty, the parts cut off not being brittle; as the albumen of many plants.

12. Oleaginous (oleaginosus); fleshy in substance, but filled with oil.

13. Bony (osseus); hard, and very close in texture, not cut without difficulty, the parts cut off being brittle; as the stone of a peach.

14. Fleshy (carnosus); firm, juicy, easily cut.

15. Waxy (ceraceus, cereus); having the texture and colour of new wax; as the pollen masses of particular kinds of Orchis.

16. Woody (lignosus, ligneus); having the texture of wood. 17. Thick (crassus); something more thick than usual. Leaves, for instance, are generally papery in texture; the leaves of cotyledons, which are much more fleshy, are called thick. 18. Succulent (succulentus); very cellular and juicy; as the stems of Stapelias.

19. Gelatinous (gelatinosus); having the texture and appearance of jelly; as Ulvas, and similar things.

20. Fibrous (fibrosus); containing a great proportion of loose woody fibre; as the rind of a cocoa-nut.

21. Medullary, or pithy († medullosus); filled with spongy pith.

22. Mealy (farinaceus); having the texture of flour in a mass; as the albumen of Wheat.

23. Tartareous (tartareus); having a rough crumbling surface; like the thallus of some Lichens.

24. Berried (baccatus); having a juicy succulent texture; as the calyx of Blitum.

25. Herbaceous (herbaceus); thin, green, and cellular; as the tissue of membranous leaves.

5. Of Size.

Most of the terms which relate to this quality are the same as those in common use; and, being employed in precisely the same sense, do not need explanation. But there are a few which have a particular meaning attached to them, and are not much known in common language. These are,

1. Dwarf (nanus, pumilus, pygmæus); small, short, dense, as compared with other species of the same genus, or family. Thus, Myosotis nana is not more than half an inch high; while the other species are much taller.

2. Very small (pusillus, perpusillus); the same as the last, except that a general reduction of size is understood, as well as dwarfishness.

3. Low (humilis); when the stature of a plant is not particularly small, but much smaller than of other kindred species. Thus, a tree twenty feet high may be low, if the other species of its genus are forty or fifty feet high.

4. Depressed (depressus); broad and dwarf, as if, instead of growing perpendicularly, the growth had taken place horizontally; as some species of Cochlearia, Coronopus Ruellii, and many others.

5. Little (exiguus); this is generally used in opposition to large, and means small in all parts, but well proportioned. 6. Tall (elatus, procerus); this is said of plants which are taller than their parts would have led one to expect.

7. Lofty (exaltatus); the same as the last, but in a greater degree.

8. Gigantic (giganteus); tall, but stout and well proportioned.

To this class must also be referred words or syllables expressing the proportion which one part bears to another.

1. Isos, or equal, placed before the name of an organ, indicates