statement is true." Then he turns to a description of the endeavour to pump out the water, but again the crisis forces him to say that the crew of a submarine should be selected from the bravest and the coolest or they would be of little value in time of crisis. "My brave men are doing their utmost. I always expect death when away from home." A message to his father as to his private affairs follows, then a word to his majesty, the Emperor. "It is my earnest hope that Your Majesty will supply the means of living to poor families of the crew. This is my only desire, and I am so anxious to have it fulfilled." Then follow individual remembrances to various officers. A statement of time, 12:30 p. m. "My breathing is painful and difficult. I thought I could blow out gasoline, but I am intoxicated with it." Captain Nakano. "It is now 12: 30" Then the silence of the end.

So ingrained is the sense of loyalty that not only does it call forth the noblest and most heroic spirit of sacrifice but the very suggestion of disloyalty meets with instant resentment. Indeed loyalty to a keen sense of honour has often been carried to a ridiculous extreme. Duelling was the reductio ad absurdum of loyalty. Yet it took the life of Alexander Hamilton, and might have had that of Andrew Jackson. Edward Everett Hale touched the eternal spirit of loyalty to country when he represented the Man Without a Country on the ship that was the home of his exile reading for the first

time "The Lay of the Last Minstrel "; when he came to those words:

"Breathes there a man with soul so dead

Who never to himself hath said,

This is my own my native land?"

he tossed the book far into the sea because of the bitterness of his soul. No blacker stigma can be given a man than to fit him with the name of traitor or to prove him guilty of treasonable conduct. If only Benedict Arnold could have died in the glories of the Saratoga campaign, how illustrious would have been his name! We have no respect for persons evidencing lack of parental or filial loyalty. Would that the pleasure-loving fickleness of the times were more sensitive, as it some day will be, to the meaning of marital loyalty.

The very innate sense of a child's obligation to father and mother is testified by the instinctive shock that we have at the first sound of the words of the text. "He that loveth father or mother more than Me is not worthy of Me." These are the words of Christ; they bear the stamp of eternal truth. They are suggestive of a thought we must implant within our hearts, the claim of greater loyalties and lesser loyalties.

1. First we note that to be disloyal is a heinous thing. The truth of this statement is well-nigh axiomatic; we need not much further proof than the suggestions given above. There were nine circles in Dante's hell. Those suffering for lesser sins were placed near the surface. The further

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within he was condemned, the more hated was his sin. Walking through all the direful realm he found, in the black interior part where was the devil himself, those who had been disloyal. This very centre of hell was the realm of traitors. This region of Cocytus at hell's centre was not a fiery furnace but a lake of ice, frozen by the flapping of the six bat-like wings of Lucifer who is embedded at the centre. Never," says Dante, "did Don or Danube cover itself with so thick a veil; if mountains had fallen upon it, even at the edge 'twould not have given a creak." The symbolism of this ice must needs be pointed out. The river Phlegethon, which flows down through the circles of Violence and Fraud, consists of hot blood; evil as these sins are they have the excuse of being committed in some heat of passion. But for disloyalty no such excuse exists, it is a sin of cold blood, possible only when all warm and generous feeling has frozen out of the heart. This frigid hell is divided into four circles. The outermost is named Caina after Cain who slew his brother, and here traitors to kindred receive their deserts. Dante here compares the souls to frogs with their muzzles out of water. Their teeth chatter with cold, their heads hang downwards, their tears reveal the misery of their heart within.

Antenora, the name of the second ring, is taken from Antenor, the Trojan who was believed to have betrayed his native city to the Greeks, in the Middle Ages. The souls here are traitors to their country,

and their punishment is immersion in the ice up to the neck. The third ring, Tolomea, receives its name from Tolemeaus, Captain of the city of Jericho, who, we are told, invited Simon the Maccabee, and his two sons Maccabeus and Matthias, to a friendly feast and had them treacherously slain. It is therefore the prison-house of traitors to friends and guests. They are in the ice up to their necks, their tears, lying in the hollows of their upturned eyes, freeze into a mask of ice and thus close all outlet for their grief.

The fourth circle, the central ring, the very heart of hell, takes its name, Giudecca, from Judas the betrayer of Christ. It is the place of traitors to their lords and benefactors, who are completely bedded in ice like straws in glass. In the exact centre of the circle and of the earth rises Lucifer, traitor to his Lord and Benefactor, God. In his central mouth, for he had three, he devours eternally Judas Iscariot, traitor to his Lord and Benefactor, Christ. In the two side-mouths writhe Brutus and Cassius, traitors to their lord and benefactor, Cæsar.

2. These gradations are suggestive that all loyalties are not of equal power and value. The great Civil War demonstrated this as true. On the banks of the Potomac in Virginia stands the old colonial mansion of Arlington. Here the founders of the republic had often been entertained. Here sixty years ago was the happy home of Robert Edward Lee, son of the famous "Light Horse Harry" of

Revolutionary days, Colonel in the Regular Army of the United States. Fame early encircled his brow. Having graduated at the head of his class at West Point, he served at Vera Cruz, Chapultepec, and Mexico with a distinction well worthy of his famous ancestors. From his years of life in the North, Lee realized how the sections underestimated each other; he loved the Union, he looked with saddened heart upon the approaching conflict, But disruption came. Robert Lee stands with the Union that he loves on the one hand and with the state he cherishes on the other. The Union summons him. President Lincoln offers to make him commanderin-chief of the United States forces. If he accept, glory and honour are his. Virginia calls to him. If he accept, mighty difficulties await him. If he accept and fail-ah, what then? Looking out across the Potomac from his broad veranda, he might see Washington and its public buildings. The fair scene is significant of the glory that would be his, if he chooses the Union. He might also see the cannon of the arsenal there pointing as if trained on his very home. This foreshadows the fate that will be his, if he chooses Virginia. He beholds the glory of the world; he turns away to the cross of duty. To the messenger who brought to him President Lincoln's offer, he said: "Mr. Blair, if I owned the four million slaves in the South today, I would sacrifice them to the Union, but how can I draw my sword against Virginia?" The commonwealth that gave him birth needed him, and,