celebrated Ali Pacha, and here he was shot.-LIFE of Ali Pacha. P. 40,000: Lg. 21.10 E, Lt. 39.52 N.

JANOWITZ, a town of Austria, Bohemia, district Pilsen, 28 m ssw Pilsen.

JANVILLE, a town of France, department Eure-et-Loire, 20 m SE Chartres.

JAO-TCHEOU, a city of Asia, China, in Kiang-si, on the Po, near its entrance into the lake-Poyang, 40 m NE Nantchang.

JAPAN, an empire in the most eastern part of Asia, composed of three considerable and a great number of small islands, separated from Corea and China by the straitof-Corea and the sea-of-Japan, and extending from Lg. 131 to 142 E, and from Lt. 30 to 41 N. The three principal islands are Niphon, Xicoco, and Ximo. It contains a variety of mountains, hills, and valleys. Many of the mountains are volcanos, but in general covered with evergreens, and give rise to numerous rivulets, which fertilize the valleys. The hills are cultivated to their summits, and exhibit a smiling picture of human industry amid vestiges of physical convulsions. The empire is divided into 7 principal districts, which are subdivided into 70 provinces; the population is, in proportion to its extent, deemed equal to that of China. These islands are said to contain the richest gold-mines; also much silver and fine copper, the main source of the wealth of many provinces. They produce rice, millet, maize, wheat, rye, and barley. Ginger, black-pepper, sugar, cotton, indigo, and the tea-shrub, grow wild in the hedges; cedars are common, and large enough for the masts of ships and columns for temples. The forests and mountains afford good pasturage, and are stocked with deer, oxen, buffalos, hogs, and a few horses; no sheep nor goats. Large quantities of fine porcelain, silk, and skins, as also red-pearls, as much esteemed as the white. The Japanese are of a yellowish complexion; their heads are in general large, necks short, hair black, thick, and shining, from the use they make of oils; eyes small, of a dark brown colour, and sunk deep in the head, and the eyelids form in the great angle of the eye a deep furrow, which discriminates them from other nations. They are naturally ingenious and have a happy memory. The houses are of wood, whitened, and never exceed 2 stories; the interior is divided into apartments at pleasure, by moveable partitions sliding in grooves. They have neither tables, beds, nor chairs, but sit and lie on carpets and mats, the meat being served apart to each in a basin of porcelain, or on a square salver of japanned wood. Their food consists almost entirely of fish, fowl, eggs, and vegetables; their clothing of trowsers, and a loose robe of silk or cotton fastened by a girdle. Fans are used by both sexes

equally, and are, within and without doors, their inseparable companions. The men have no beard, the hair being plucked out with small pincers, that it may not grow again; they shave the head daily from the brow to the nape; and the hair on the sides is turned up and fastened at the crown, which forms the common covering of the head; but conical hats made of grass are worn on journeys. They treat the women with great severity, and punish adultery with death; yet a man may take as many wives as he pleases. Foreign women are not suffered to approach the shore. They have a language so peculiar, that it is not understood by any other nation. The sciences are highly esteemed among them; and they have several schools at different places, in which are taught arithmetic, rhetoric, poetry, history, and astronomy. Some of their arts and manufactures even

surpass those of Europe. The Japanese are good soldiers, and skilful at shooting with the bow: however, as they inhabit islands, they are seldom at war with their neighbours. They formerly carried on a trade with the neighbouring countries; but now all communication is forbidden, except with the Dutch and the Russians; and with them only at the port of Nangasaki. They import spices, sugar, linen and woollen cloth, elephants' teeth, and haberdashery wares; for which they pay with gold, silver, copper, rice, tea, fine porcelain, cabinets, and other japanned or lackered wares. The Japanese are as fabulous as the Chinese in the antiquity of their empire; but the certain period begins with the hereditary succession of the ecclesiastical emperors, from the year 660 before Christ. Their emperor was called dairo; but in the minority of one of them in 1150, when they had civil wars, one of the competitors for the crown assumed the ecclesiastical government, retaining the same title; while the other, who ruled in civil affairs, was called cubo. From that time the dairo has only been at the head of religious matters, while the cubo, or secular emperor, bears an absolute dominion over all civil and military affairs. The former still lives in great state and grandeur at Meaco; and the latter pays him a kind of homage, as if he acted only as his deputy or viceroy; but in reality, the cubo is now the real monarch of Japan, and the dairo only his high-priest. The religion is paganism; but there are two different sects. Their temples are free from any idols; and they make strict search, on the arrival of Dutch or Russian vessels, after all sorts of images, paintings, and books, which, on any being found, are instantly burned. There was once a great number of Christians in different parts of the empire; but, in 1638, they underwent great persecutions, insomuch that they were all extirpated. The capital of the empire is Jedo.

:

JARNAC, a town of France, department Charente near this place the duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III, obtained a victory over the Huguenots, in 1569: on the Charente, 20 m w Angoulême.

JARON, a town of Asia, Persia, in Farsistan, celebrated for an abundance of dates; 95 m s by E Schiraz: Lg. 53.10 E, Lt. 28.15 N.

JAROSLAU, a town of Austria, Galicia, with a strong citadel. A battle was gained here by the Swedes in 1656, after which they took the town: 55 m w Lemberg.

JASQUE, a town of Asia, Persia, province Mecran: Lg. 57.4 E, Lt. 25.40 N.

In

JASSY, a city of Europe, Turkey, capital of Moldavia, and an archbishop's see. 1753 it was destroyed by fire, but is now a well fortified place, defended by a castle, and governed by a hospodar: here are upward of 60 churches, and the metropolitan one is a very imposing structure: the city contains some spacious brick mansions, covered with stucco, interspersed among a number of mean houses, covered with shingles, and the streets are laid with planks. Several times taken in the wars between the Turks and the Russians or Austrians: on the Baglui, which flows to the Pruth, 170 m NNE Bucharest; P. 25,000: Lg. 27.30 E, Lt. 47.8 N.

JAZBERENY, a town of Hungary, capital of Jazyga county, on the Zagyra, 40 m E Pest; P. 12,088 in 1815: Lg. 20.4 E, Lt. 47.30 N.

JAVA, an island of Asia, East-Indies, s of Borneo, separated at its w end from Sumatra by the strait-of-Sunda, 666 m long by 56 to 135, extending from 105 to 114 E Lg., and 6 to 9 s Lt. The land is low, and in some places marshy, near the northern shore, but rises in a gradual slope toward the interior of the country, admitting in its ascent every variety of situation and verdure. The N coast has many commodious creeks, bays, harbours, and towns, with many little islands near the shore. The s coast is bold, rocky, and almost inaccessible, so that it is little known. In the interior

of the island, through its whole length, is an uninterrupted range of mountains, varying in their elevation above the sea from 5000 to 11,000 feet, apparently of volcanic origin; there are also many indications and remains of their former eruptions. Beside these mountains there are extensive ranges of inferior elevation, and numerous ridges of hills traverse the country in various directions. island is a fine military road, from Bantam Along the northern side of the to the end, measuring 684 m; it is a monument of Dutch enterprise, though accomplished by the loss of about 12,000 natives, chiefly owing to the unhealthiness of the forests and marshes through which it runs. In former times Java had as many petty kingdoms as there were large towns, but now they are greatly reduced, and their sovereigns either pensioned by, or subject to, the European government. The general division of the country is into the Sunda or western, and Java, or eastern, district; and these are subdivided into provinces. The Sunda district terminates with the province of Cheribon; and the Java district contains all those to the E of it. The Java

provinces on the s coast are governed by native princes, of whom there are two principal; the susuhunan, or emperor, who re

sides at Solo, and the sultan, who resides at Matarem. The Javans of the lower class live in mean huts of bamboo, plastered with clay and thatched with leaves: their food consists principally of rice and vegetables, but fish, flesh, and fowl, are daily served up, as suits the parties: they are of a brown complexion, black hair, large cheeks, flattish nose, small eyes, and large eyebrows: they smear their hair with cocoa-nut oil, and the women twist it into a knot on the top of the head, where it is fixed with gold or silver pins, and decorated with sweet-smelling flowers: both sexes of all ranks file and blacken their teeth. The men of the lowest class wear a pair of coarse drawers, reaching toward the knees, with a cloth folded round the waist, and descending like a short petticoat; some have also a jacket with short sleeves. The women wear the cloth round their loins descending to the ancles, and a body cloth, passed above the bosom and close under the arms, descending to the waistband; they also often wear a loose gown reaching below the hips, with long sleeves buttoned at the wrists. The higher classes wear a vest, a jacket with long sleeves, and pantaloons; and these, with the cloth round the waist, are made of finer materials. The emperor and sultan are habited much in the European fashion, and on public occasions they wear a velvet hat or cap of a particular form, somewhat different at each court. The men have two or three wives and several concubines, according to their circumstances, for their religio is Mahomedanism. This island, beside its

in the rainy season here forms a lake of considerable dimensions; 21 m s Bustar.

JEHAD, or JOUD, mountains of Asia, in the Nw part of Hindostan, extending eastward from Attock to Behnbur; part of the territory of the mountaineers called Gickers, Gehkers, or Kakares.

JEHUNGSEAL, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Mooltan, on the Chinaub, just below the influx of the Jhylum, 30 m NE Mooltan.

JEJURRY, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Bejapoor, a rich and majestic temple, on a high hill, 25 m SE Poona.

JELLALPOOR, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Agra, amid ravines, on the side of the Betwa, 19 m SSE Kalpee.

JELESENSKAIA-CREPOST, Russia, government Tobolsk, district Semipalatensk, one of the forts of the military line of Irtyche, consisting of a bastioned inclosure, ditch, and palisaded covert-way, situated midway between those of Omsk and Yamtchefsk, 150 m from each: Lt. 53.51 N. It contains about 130 houses, of wood; but the government buildings are of brick.

JELLASORE, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Bengal, on the Subunreeka, 42 m s Mid

napoor.

JENA, a town of Weimar, with a castle and a celebrated university: manufactures of woollen-cloth, stockings, and hats. Near this place, in 1806, the French defeated the Prussians, who suffered immense loss: on the Saale, in a valley surrounded by high rocks, 11 m E by s Weimar: Lg. 11.34 E, Lt. 50.55 N.

JENBOA; see JAMBI.
JENISA; see IENISEI.

JENISKOI; see RIVER-IENISEI.

JENITZ, or JESNITZ, a town of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau, 4 m s Dessau.

JENITZA, a town of Europe, Turkey, in Macedonia, 24 m WNW Salonica, on a lake, with a canal to the gulf-of-Salonica, 12 m long.

JELLINGHY, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Bengal, on the right bank of the Ganges, where a branch separates from the main stream, and is called the Jellinghy, which joins the Cossimbazar, at Nuddea: 25 m E by s Moorshedabad.

JEMAPPE, a village of Belgium, province Haynau, 3 m w by s Mons: here the French, in 1792, obtained a complete victory over the Austrians.

JEMAULABAD, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Canara, with a fort on an immense rock, which is wholly inaccessible except by one narrow way: 29 m ENE Mangalore.

JEMLAH, a town and fort of Asia, Hindostan, in Nepaul, on a mountain, 9 m

N by w Chinnachin, the capital of the district gives name to a district on the w border of Tibet.

JEREMIE, a town and cape of North America, West-Indies, N side of the s peninsula of St. Domingo. The town is situated on an eminence, at the mouth of a rivulet, and the vicinity is particularly excellent for the culture of coffee. It is 130 m w Port-au-Prince: Lg. 74.14 w, Lt. 18.40 N.

JERICHO, once a famous city of Asia, Turkey, Syria, now barely a village, in a barren plain, formerly rich in palm and balsam trees, 6 m w of the Jordan, and 20 ENE Jerusalem. Among its ruins are a few wretched huts, where some beggarly Arabs reside: Lg. 35.34 E, Lt. 31.50 N.

JERMAH, a town of Africa, Fezzan, now consists of clay-built cottages. Numerous herds of sheep and goats feed around it, and has many majestic ruins. It is 60 m SE

Mourzook.

The

JERSEY, an island in the English-channel, 18 m from the coast of Normandy, in France, and 84 m s from Portland, in Dorsetshire; subject to the English, but still governed by the ancient Norman laws, and difficult of access, on account of the rocks, sands, and forts erected for its defence. It is 12 m long by 6, contains near 30,000 acres, and is divided into 12 parishes. valleys are finely watered by brooks, and abound with cattle and small sheep. It produces excellent butter and honey, and the s part is nearly covered with appletrees, from which abundance of cider is made. Knit stockings and caps form the staple commodity, with a considerable trade in fish. It has 2 towns, St. Helier and St. Aubin, both on St. Aubin-bay, s side of the island. The town of St. Aubin has a tide harbour, on the w side of the bay, and also a fort, called the Tower, built on an insulated rock. It is inhabited principally by merchants and mariners; but is not a fourth the size of that of St. Helier. 1781 a body of French troops landed on this island, surprised the garrison, and took the governor prisoner; but major Pierson, the next in command, attacked the French, and made them surrender prisoners of war; but he fell in the moment of victory; P. 34,315.-See ST. HELIER.

mascus.

In

JERSEY, NEW; see NEW-JERSEY. JERUSALEM, a famed city of Asia, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, 140 m ssw DaIt was the capital of Judea, after David had conquered the Jebusites; and, in the reign of Zedekiah, it was taken by Nebuchadnezzar, who led the Jews captive to Babylon: afterward taken by Titus, and wholly razed, 70 years after ne birth of Christ, as was foretold by him. The

Emperor Adrian built a new city, including the summit of mount Moriah, or the NE quarter of the ancient Jerusalem. It was taken by the Persians in 614, by the Saracens in 636, and by the Turks in 1076. In 1099 it was taken by the crusaders, who founded a kingdom that lasted 88 years, under 9 Latin kings. Saladin, king of Egypt and Syria, got possession of it in 1187. The Turks expelled the Saracens in 1217, have kept possession of it ever since, and called it Heleods, that is, the Holy-City. They have a bey here, who lives in great state. The city has steep ascents on every side, except the s; and, being almost surrounded by valleys encompassed with mountains, it seems to the approaching traveller to stand in the middle of an amphitheatre, and presents a magnificent assemblage of domes, towers, palaces, churches, and monasteries. The brook Kedron flows in the valley on its SE side, along the foot of mount Olivet. The city is of a square form, surrounded by a wall, in which are 6 gates, and is 24 m in circuit. The resident inhabitants are about 6000, more than half

of whom are Mahomedans; but the continual arrival and departure of visitors, make the total number from 10,000 to 15,000, according to the seasons of the year, Easter being the fullest time. The houses are lofty, with flat roofs; and as no windows appear on the lower stories, and those above are latticed, the streets, which are narrow, seem to be between high walls. The bazaars are covered over, and have few articles in them exposed for sale, through fear of Turkish rapacity. The Armenians and Jews dispose of its manufactures to a great extent; these are beads, rosaries, amulets, crosses, shells, &c. The shells (mother-of-pearl) are formed into various shapes; the largest and most perfect are made into clasps for the zones of the Grecian ladies of Cyprus and the Archipelago. But what renders the city considerable is the great resort of pilgrims; for the inhabitants accommodate them with lodgings and provisions, which is their chief business. A Turkish guard always reside here to protect them from the Arabs. The church of the Holy-Sepulchre, which the pilgrims principally visit, is a large structure; at the end of it is a superb rotunda and cupola, which has no other light than what comes through the top; and directly under this opening is the HolySepulchre, placed in a small chapel, with 3 holes in the roof, to let out the smoke of many lamps, which are always kept lighted. The cupola of this building was destroyed by fire in 1807; but another was soon erected. The mosque of Omar occupies the site of the temple of Solomon, and is the most magnificent pile of architecture in the Turkish empire: it is composed of

several buildings within an enclosed square, 1440 feet long by 890; the two principal edifices are called the Aksa and the Saharra; the former is a kind of immense church, with a nave, and on each side 3 aisles; the other is an octagonal temple, which rises from a large square platform raised in the middle of a spacious court, and is surmounted by a superb cupola. This temple is not permitted to be entered by any other sect than the Mahomedans. The Franciscan monastery of St. Salvador is a large building like a fortress; and a part of it, surrounding a large open court, is appro priated to the reception of pilgrims, for whose maintenance the monks have con

siderable funds. The Armenian monastery is the largest in the city, and is maintained in oriental splendour: Lg. 35.14 E, Lt. 31.46 N.

JESBERG, a post-town of Hesse-Cassel, 6 German m sw Cassel, post-road to Frankfort.

JESSELMERE, a town of Asia, Hinprincipality in the Sandy-desert, 250 m dostan, in Ajmere, capital of a Rajpoot w by N Ajmere: Lg. 70.54 E, Lt. 26.43 N.

JESSO, a large island of Asia, between those of Niphon and the Kurilees, of an irregular form, 350 m long by 80 to 220; the narrow part is in the s, towards Niphon," from which it is separated by the strait-ofSangar. It is mountainous and woody; and most of the common esculents of

Europe are found here, either wild or culti vated. The shores abound with seals and sea-otters, and the bays with fish, particu larly sprats. The natives, who live by fishing and hunting, are strong, robust, savage, and slovenly, when compared to the Japanese: they are called Ainos; but the Japanese call them Mosins, from their bodies being covered with hair more than other people. They are now driven from the s parts of the island by the Japanese, who have here some colonies. The island is generally deemed subject to Japan; but it may be rather considered as a foreign conquest, than as a part of the civilized empire. Their principal settlement is Matsumay, and that name extends to the whole island. The SE point is in Lg. 142.30 E, Lt. 40.50 N.

JESSORE; see MOORLEY.

JEVER, a town of Oldenburg, 28 m NE Embden.

JEYPOOR; see JYENAGUR.

JHANSI, a town of Asia, Hindostan, in Allahabad, chief of a district, with a fort on a high hill. It is 100 m w by N Banda: Lg. 78.34 E, Lt. 25.32 N.

JIDDA, a seaport of Asia, Arabia-Deserta, on the Red-sea, in the sheriffate of Mecca, in a barren sandy district, 74 m w by N